HIV and AIDS

Question 1

Ways to get HIV

Answer 1

-Sex without a condom
-passed from mother to baby
-sharing injection equipment
-contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplants

Question 2

What doe HIV stand for

Answer 2

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- a retrovirus that attacks the human body’s WBC or immune cells

Question 3

HIV is NOT transmitted by

Answer 3

-insect bites
-toilet seats
-kissing
-sharing cutlery
-touching

Question 4

HIV numbers

Answer 4

-6000 new infections / day
-2.1 mill new infections / year
-1.2 mill deaths / year
-more than 40 mill dead
-more than 38 mill infected

Question 5

why doe symtpoms of aids show

Answer 5

low levels of CD4+

Question 6

what is the risk of getting HIV from a needle stick injury?

Answer 6

exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3% so 99.7% of needle-stick do NOT lead to infection

Question 7

HIV discovery

Answer 7

1981 reported rare cancer in homosexual as a result of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Question 8

HIV/AIDS timeline

Answer 8

1996- combination of treatment of atiretovirals

Question 9

timeline of untreated infection

Answer 9

decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte count
increase in HIV RNA copies

sharp steep, small recovery, gradual slope

Question 10

clinical latency

Answer 10

middle phase of untreated HIV timeline
CD4+ is in steady decline
HIV RNA copies is in steady incline

Question 11

when is a HIV case considered critical

Answer 11

when CD4+ is below 200 cells / mm^3

can lead to other kinds of infection like symptoms of AIDS

Question 12

how does HIV become provirus

Answer 12

virus binds to CD4 receptor and coreceptor, fuses to cell and enters. Viral RNA undergoes reverse transcription to cDNA. becomes DNA and is integrated into chromosomal DNA

Question 13

provirus

Answer 13

inserted into genome, change the genome. reverse transcription is important step

Question 14

how can HIV stay latent in CD4 cells

Answer 14

its in the genome but the viral component is not doing anything

Question 15

how can viral part be activated

Answer 15

1. Trancription of proviral DNA
2. Synthesis of viral components
3. Assmebly of virus
4. buding of viruses from the host cell

Question 16

elite controllers

Answer 16

HIV-1 positive subjects who control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. less than 1% of those infected

Question 17

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

Answer 17

the use of multiple drugs that act on different viral target:
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
entry inhibitors
protease inhibitors
integrase inihibitors

Question 18

HAART for HIV infection

Answer 18

as little as 1 pill delivering mulitple drugs
-used to be up to 20 pills daily

Question 19

Berlin Patient - Tim Brown

Answer 19

cured of HIV, later developed AML
-bone marrow transplatation - donor has CCR5 homozygous mutation
and died of leukemia

Question 20

challenges to develop HIV vaccine

Answer 20

-high mutation rate
-can integrate into genomic DNA
-existence of multiple strains

Question 21

HIV cure strategies under study

Answer 21

-stem cell transplant
- CRSPR/Cas9 gene editing
-shock
-block