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SERO > HIV and AIDS > Flashcards

HIV and AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

causative agent of HIV infection

A

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

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2
Q

family of HIV

A

Retroviridae

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3
Q

Subfamily of HIV

A

Lentivirus, Oncovirus

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4
Q

HIV is enveloped with _____

A

coiled nucleocapsid

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5
Q

HIV is icosahedral with ____

A

single stranded RNA

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6
Q

unique enzyme component of HIV

A

reverse transcriptase

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7
Q

responsible for the reverse transcription of the gene of the host

A

reverse transcriptase

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8
Q

copy the different DNA copies of the infected hosts

A

reverse transcriptase

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9
Q

HIV replicates inside the ____

A

nucleus

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10
Q

point of entry of the HIV to the cell

A

CD4

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11
Q

receptor for the viral agent

A

CD4

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12
Q

HIV Serotypes

A

HIV-1
HIV-2

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13
Q

HIV-1 was identified in France by the lab of

A

Luc Montagnier

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14
Q

HIV-1 was identified in USA by

A

Robert Gallo & Jay Levy

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15
Q

HIV-1 was formerly called as

A
  1. Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-type III (HTLV-III)
  2. Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
  3. AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV)
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16
Q

former names were associated with the ___

A

characteristic cell of the virus and the characteristic effect on the host

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17
Q

Majority occurred in West Africa

A

HIV-2

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18
Q

Less pathogenic, lower rate of transmission

A

HIV-2

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19
Q

T/F
HIV does not survive long outside the hosts cell.

A

T

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20
Q

In order to survive, HIV must infect the

A

target cell (CD4 positive cells)

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21
Q

MOT of HIV is similar to the MOT to

A

Hepatitis B

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22
Q

MOT of HIV

A
  1. sexual intercourse
  2. transfer of blood or blood products
  3. through birth and breast feeding (babies)
  4. parenteral drug use
  5. needle stick injury
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23
Q

MOT of HIV is mainly through

A

sexual intercourse

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24
Q

T/F
kissing is a MOT for HIV

A

F (stream of saliva must be transferred for it to occur)

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25
Q

gag (group antigen gene) viral gene products

A

p24, p18, p15

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26
Q

gag (group antigen gene) functions

A

codes for core structural (group Ags) proteins

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27
Q

pol (polymerase) viral gene products

A
  1. Reverse transcriptase
  2. RNAase
  3. Protease
  4. Integrase
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28
Q

Transcribes ssRNA into dsDNA (happens in nucleus)

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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29
Q

env (envelope) viral gene products

A
  1. gp160
  2. gp41
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30
Q

Binds to CD4 receptorsa for infection

A

gp160

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31
Q

this allow the env gp ags to bind and release of HIV virion

A

CD4 receptor

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32
Q

Primary effects of HIV infection

A
  1. Extreme leukopenia
  2. Formation of giant T cells and other
  3. Infected macrophages release the virus in CNS
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33
Q

Secondary effects of HIV infection

A
  1. Destruction of CD4 lymphocytes
34
Q

2 Levels of Diagnosis of HIV Infection

A
  1. Initial Screening
  2. Confirmatory Test
35
Q

Tests used in Initial screening

A

Indirect ELISA, Latex Agglutination, Rapid Antibody Tests

36
Q

Rapid results but may result in false positives

A

Initial Screening

37
Q

Retesting is done to confirm false positives

A

Initial Screening

38
Q

False negative in initial screening can also occur; persons who may have been exposed should be tested a second time ____ later

A

3-6 months

39
Q

Follow up with Western Blot Analysis to rule out false positives

A

Confirmatory Test

40
Q

Laboratory Tests used in HIV Testing

A
  1. ELISA (Screening)
  2. Western Blot (Confirmatory)
  3. Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay (Confirmatory)
41
Q

Detects Abs to HIV and HIV Ag

A

ELISA

42
Q

used in Indirect ELISA

A

Antibody

43
Q

Used in Direct ELISA

A

Antigen

44
Q

Most widely used HIV test

A

Western Blot

45
Q

_________ must appear to indicate confirmed case of HIV in Western Blot Method

A

⅔ bands

46
Q

bands necessary for Western Blot Method

A
  1. p24
  2. gp41
  3. gp120/gp160
47
Q

Used to detect HIV in infected cells

A

Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay (Confirmatory)

48
Q

Tests for Detecting HIV genes

A
  1. In situ hybridization
  2. Filter hybridization
  3. SOUTHERN BLOT Hybridization
  4. DNA Amplification
  5. PCR
  6. Northern Blot
49
Q

Used in DNA testing for detecting HIV genes

A

SOUTHERN BLOT Hybridization

50
Q

test HIV RNA

A

PCR

51
Q

Measure mRNA antigen

A

Northern Blot

52
Q

DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS IS MADE WHEN A PERSON MEETS THE FF. CRITERIA

A
  1. Positive for the virus
  2. They fulfill one of the additional criteria:
    a. They have a CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/ml of blood
    b. The CD4 cells account for fewer than 14% of all lymphocytes
    c. They experience one or more of a CDC-provided list of AIDS-defining illnesses
53
Q

T/F
Patient must have a CD4 count of more than 200 cells/ml of blood

A

F (Fewer)

54
Q

T/F
The CD4 cells account for fewer than 17% of all lymphocytes

A

F (14%)

55
Q

T/F
patient must experience one or more of a CDC-provided list of AIDS-defining illnesses

A

T

56
Q

px is either asymptomatic or may show lymphadenopathy

A

Primary Stage

57
Q

Resembles infectious mononucleosis (IM)

A

Primary Stage

58
Q

this state is known as the ARC (Aids-Related Complex)

A

Intermediate Stage

59
Q

quantitative T cell deficiencies with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio

A

Intermediate Stage

60
Q

When HIV replication occurs, the _______ cell is killed

A

CD4

61
Q

result of CD4 cell death

A

severe depletion of helper-inducer T lymphocytes

62
Q

normal CD4:CD8 ratio

A

2:1

63
Q

CD4:CD8 ratio in AIDS pxs

A

0.5:1

64
Q

clinical manifestation that occurs 2-10 yrs after initial infection

A

final stage

65
Q

a syndrome of CD4 depletion resulting in opportunistic infections and cancers suggestive of cell mediated immunity defects

A

Final stage

66
Q

When the opportunistic infection present in the body is the fungal infections, this indicates that the person already has ____

A

immunodeficiency

67
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A
  1. Pneumocystis carinii (now known as P. jirovecii)
  2. M. avium-intracellulare complex
  3. Candida albicans
  4. Cryptosporidium parvum
  5. Toxoplasma gondii
  6. Cryptococcus neoformans
  7. Herpes Simplex (I and II)
  8. Legionella spp.
68
Q

now known as P. jirovecii

A

Pneumocystis carinii

69
Q

Caused by Human Herpes Simplex Virus Type VIII

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

70
Q

Tumors in skin and linings of internal organs, lymphomas and cancers of rectum and lung

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

71
Q

most frequent malignancy observed

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

72
Q

T/F
there’s no antibody formation in first 8 weeks of infection in Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

T

73
Q

Early testing will cause ______ results and will suggest to retest within 3-6 months

A

false negative

74
Q

first antibody to be detected; persist throughout the infection

A

Anti-gp41

75
Q

A new confirmatory procedure that is implemented to replace western blot in the Philippines

A

rHIVda (Rapid HIV Diagnostic Algorithm)

76
Q

If the result is ____ in rHIVda, the sample of the patient must be sent to SACCL-NRL-SLH because other test centers do not have Western Blot

A

negative

77
Q

If the patient is reactive to HIV screening, the patient is tested for rHIVda test 1. If negative,

A

report the result as inconclusive and advice the patient to return to the testing center after 2-6 weeks

78
Q

If the patient is reactive to HIV screening, the patient is tested for rHIVda test 1. If positive

A

perform rHIVda test 2

79
Q

Responsible for inserting viral DNA into host DNA

A

Integrase

80
Q

Required for viral fusion of cell

A

gp41

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