HIV and AIDs

Question 1

What is HIV

Answer 1

defective immune system, especially CD4+ Tcell
more then 200 CD2 Tcell

Question 2

what is AIDs

Answer 2

stage 3 HIV - acquired immunodeficiency
HIV positive and CD4 Tcell count less then 200 OR AIDS- defining illness (opportunistic)

Question 3

how is HIV/AIDs transmitted

Answer 3

blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

Question 4

what are some variables that influence establishment of HIV infection

Answer 4

duration and frequency of contact, volume virulence and concentration of virus, host immune status

Question 5

what are some risk factors for HIV

Answer 5

unprotected sex, multiple sex partners, occupational exposure, perinatal exposure, IV drug use with contaminated needle, blood transfusions, older adult clients

Question 6

how is HIV/AIDs diagnosed

Answer 6

HIV antibody screening test (ELISA), confirm with additional HIV antibody test- western blot ot indirect immunofluorescence assay, or nucleic acid test to look for actual virus

Question 7

when does manifestation occur for stage 1 of HIV

Answer 7

2-4 weeks after infection

Question 8

what are the ss of stage 1 HIV

Answer 8

fever, sore throat, rash, night sweats, chills, headache, lymphadenopathy, muscle aches, fatigue

Question 9

what are the CD4 Tcell level in stage 1 HIV

Answer 9

over 500 and increased CD8 T cells

Question 10

what are the CD4 t cell count for HIV stage 2

Answer 10

200-499

Question 11

what are the manifestations of HIV stage 2

Answer 11

chronic infection, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, when drug therapy is started, intermittent acute infections and periods of wellness

Question 12

what is stage 3 HIV characterized by

Answer 12

AIDs - life threatening opportunistic infections from severely compromised immune system

Question 13

what are the labs for AIDs

Answer 13

CD4 count less then 200, high blood immunoglobulin levels, lymphadenopathy, leukopenia and lymphocytopenia

Question 14

what respiratory ss are seen in AIDS

Answer 14

cough, SOB

Question 15

what cardiovascular ss are seen in AIDS

Answer 15

hypertension, arthersclerosis

Question 16

what GI ss are seen in AIDS

Answer 16

diarrhea, weight loss (wasting syndrome), n/v

Question 17

what skin ss are seen in AIDS

Answer 17

dry skin, lesions, poor wound healing, night sweats

Question 18

what CNS ss are seen in AIDS

Answer 18

confusion, h/a, fever, visual changes, seizures

Question 19

what is pain caused in AIDS

Answer 19

enlarged organs, tumors, peripheral neuropathy

Question 20

what endocrine ss are seen in AIDS

Answer 20

gonadal dysfunction, body shape changes, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes, elevated triglycerides/cholesterol

Question 21

how does HIV viral load test work

Answer 21

directly measures the amount of HIV viral RNA particles present in 1ml of blood, used before treatments and measures therapy effectivness

Question 22

what is the normal CD4 to CD8 ratio

Answer 22

2:1

Question 23

why use HIV genotype or HIV tropism test

Answer 23

guides changes in medication therapy when resistance occurs

Question 24

what are patient goals and teaching for HIV

Answer 24

monitoring HIV progression and immune function, initiating and monitoring drug therapy, preventing opportunistic infections, managing symptoms, preventing further transmission of HIV, psychosocial assessment

Question 25

what does post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) med work

Answer 25

antiretroviral meds taken within 36hrs of exposure, reduces HIV ability to replicate and spread, combo therapy of 2-3 drugs taken for 28 days, not always effective

Question 26

how does combination antiretroviral therapy work

Answer 26

decreases viral replication by 90-99% when taken correctly - adherence is vital - resistance to antiretroviral drugs is a major problem

Question 27

how does Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) work

Answer 27

NRTIs block transcription of viral RNA to DNA

Question 28

how does Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) work

Answer 28

NNRTIs block enzyme reverse transcriptase (Ex: Doravirine)

Question 29

how does Protease Inhibitors (PIs) work

Answer 29

PIs block the action of an HIV enzyme called protease that allows HIV to produce infectious copies of itself within HIV-infected human cells. (Ex: Ritonavir)

Question 30

how does Fusion Inhibitors (FI) work

Answer 30

Block the fusion of HIV with the host cell by blocking the gp41 protein on the HIV cell (which is needed to bind to CD4 T-cells) (Ex: Enfuvirtide)

Question 31

how does Integrase Inhibitors work

Answer 31

Inhibit the HIV enzyme integrase, which the virus uses to insert the viral DNA into human DNA (Ex: Raltegravir)

Question 32

what are some ways to delay disease progression of HIV

Answer 32

nutritional support, stay up to date on immunizations, adequate rest and exercise, avoid exposure to new infections, prevention teaching, needle exchange program, remain compliant with meds