Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A - MSRA Gynaecology > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What is HIV?

A

A single stranded RNA retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How dos HIV infect humans?

A

Infects and replicates within the human immune system using host CD4 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can HIV lead to without treatment?

A

Destruction of the immune system and AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the prevalence of HIV in the UK in 2015?

A

~101,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What % of the population of the UK had HIV in 2015?

A

0.16%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What % of people infected with HIV were unaware of their status?

A

13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What % of people with HIV were men?

A

69%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What proportion of people with HIV are MSM?

A

Just under half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells does HIV replicate within?

A

CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are CD4 cells also known as?

A

T helper cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does HIV infect a host CD4 cell?

A

Penetrates cell and empties the contents. The viral RNA is converted to DNA and combines with the host DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What enzyme causes HIV RNA to become DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What enzyme integrates viral DNA into the host DNA in HIV?

A

Integrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when the CD4 cell divides in HIV?

A

Viral DNA is read and viral protein chains are created and push out of the cell retaining some cell membrane to form an immature virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the immature HIV virus develop?

A

Viral protein chains are cut and assemble to create a working virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What enzyme cuts the viral proteins in an immature HIV virus?

A

Protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to the host CD4 cell when HIV replicates?

A

It is destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is seroconversion in HIV?

A

The process pf producing anti-HIV antibodies during primary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the levels of CD4 cells during seroconversion?

A

Fall due to initial rapid replication of HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How dos HIV infect humans?

A

Infects and replicates within the human immune system using host CD4 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can HIV lead to without treatment?

A

Destruction of the immune system and AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can the clinical features of HIV be divided?

A

Into stages of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What symptoms can be experienced during HIV seroconversion?

A

Flu-like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the levels of CD4 cells during seroconversion?

A

Fall due to initial rapid replication of HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How infectious is the patient during seroconversion?
Highly infectious
26
What can happen to HIV over the months-years following seroconversion?
Can enter a latent phase
27
What symptoms do many patients with HIV display after seroconversion?
None
28
What happens to CD4 levels after seroconversion?
Continue to fall
29
What happens to HIV viral load after seroconversion?
Increases
30
What happens to the patient as CD4 levels fall and viral load rises in HIV?
- Become more susceptible to infections - Increasingly infectious - Increasingly symptomatic
31
Over what period does HIV generally develop into AIDS?
10 years
32
How can HIV be transmitted?
- Unprotected sexual contact - Sharing needles - Medical procedures - Vertical transmission
33
What types of sexual contact can spread HIV?
- Vaginal - Anal - Oral
34
What medical procedures can transmit HIV?
- Blood products - Skin grafts - Organ donation - Artificial insemination
35
How can HIV be spread by vertical transmission?
- In-utero - Childbirth - Breast feeding
36
What factors can increase likelihood of contracting HIV when in contact with infectious components?
- Higher viral level - Concurrent STI's causing anogenital inflammation - Breaks in the skin or mucosa
37
Is HIV preventable?
Yeah
38
What should practitioners be able to advise patients regarding HIV?
- Transmission reduction | - Safe sex
39
What are the risk factors for HIV?
- MSM - IVDU - High prevalence areas - Unprotected sex with a partner who has lived or been to Africa
40
What are the stages of HIV infection?
- Seroconversion - Asymptomatic infection - Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL) - Symptomatic HIV - AIDS
41
How long after exposure do fourth generation HIV tests give reliable results?
4-6 weeks
42
What alternatives are available to fourth generation HIV testing?
- Rapid test kits | - Home sampling kits
43
What are the features of HIV seroconversion?
- Fever - Muscle aches - Malaise - Lymphadenopathy - Maculopapular rash - Pharyngitis
44
What % of patients with HIV present at seroconversion stage?
20-60% (this is a massive range lol)
45
What is the viral load of HIV in asymptomatic infection stage?
Low - but continuing slow replication
46
Can HIV be cured?
No
47
How long can the asymptomatic infection stage of HIV last?
Many years
48
What is persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL) in HIV?
Nodes >1cm in diameter at 2-extra inguinal sites for 3 months or longer (not due to any other cause)
49
What happens after the latent (asymptomatic) phase of HIV?
Becomes symptomatic
50
What symptoms may a patient have in symptomatic HIV infection?
- Weight loss - High temperatures - Diarrhoea - Frequent minor opportunistic infections
51
What minor opportunistic infections can be present in the symptomatic phase of HIV?
- Candidiasis | - Herpes zoster
52
What is the symptomatic phase of HIV known as?
AIDS-related complex
53
What is AIDS-related complex regarded as?
An AIDS prodrome
54
What can happen to HIV infection if left untreated?
Can develop into AIDS
55
What happens in AIDS?
The immune system is significantly weakened and patient develops some defining illnesses
56
What are some AIDS-defining illnesses?
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia - Non-hodgkin's lymphoma - TB - Kaposi's sarcoma
57
What are the first line investigations for HIV?
Fourth generation tests
58
What are fourth generation tests for HIV?
ELISAs that test for serum (or salivary) HIV antibodies and p24 antigen
59
How long after infection do fourth generation HIV tests give reliable results?
4-6 weeks
60
How long can rapid testing kits take to give a result on HIV infection?
30 minutes
61
What are the disadvantages to fourth generation HIV test alternatives?
- Less reliable | - Require confirmation by ELISA
62
What public health management is important when managing HIV?
Contact tracing
63
What treatment is given to manage HIV?
HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy)
64
What are the regular tests required to monitor HIV?
- CD4 count - HIV viral load - FBC - U&E - Urinalysis - ALT, AST and bilirubin
65
What is the prognosis of HIV when using HAART?
Excellent
66
What is the risk of HIV transmission from a person complying fully with HAART?
Low risk
67
What can treatment of HIV with HAART reduce?
AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related mortality
68
What classes of drugs can be used to treat HIV?
- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) - Protease inhibitors (PIs) - Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) - Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs)
69
How are are anti-HIV drugs used?
In combination
70
How do anti-HIV drugs reduce viral load?
Target enzymes involved in replication and maturation of HIV
71
How are anti-HIV drugs combined?
Often into a once-daily single tablet
72
What are some examples of single tablet HIV treatments?
- Atripla - Stribild - Eviplera - Ttriumeq
73
What is Atriplas?
Tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz
74
What is Stribild?
Elvitegravir + cobicistat + tenofovir + emtrictabine
75
What is Eviplera?
Tenofovir + emtricitabine + reilpivirine
76
What is Triumeq?
Abacavir + lamivudine + dolutegravir
77
What is key to successful management of HIV?
Good compliance for the rest of their lives
78
What can non-adherence to HARRT result in?
Resistance mutations making treatment difficult or impossible
79
What other factors must be considered when managing HIV?
Psychological impact of living with or being diagnosed with HIV
80
What additional tests may HIV patients require in the future?
- Pregnancy testing | - Resistance testing
81
What can people who believe they have been exposed to HIV be treated with?
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
82
Within what period from HIV exposure can someone commence PEP?
72 hours
83
What is the aim of PEP for HIV?
Reduce the risk of being infected
84
How long does a HIV PEP course last?
1 month
85
What is a HIV PEP regime?
Truvada OD + Raltegravir BD
86
How can HIV be transmitted vertically?
- In-utero - Delivery - Breast feeding
87
How can vertical transmission of HIV be reduced?
- Antenatal antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and delivery - Avoidance of breastfeeding - Neonatal post-exposure preophylaxis
88
What do the collective interventions reduce the risk of HIV vertical transmission to?
<1%
89
What is the risk of vertical transmission of HIV with no interventions?
1 in 4
90
Are caesarean section births indicated in HIV?
Not if the viral load is undetectable at delivery

A - MSRA Gynaecology (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions