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Lifespan > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

HIV/AIDs presents similarly as?

A

Leukemia

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2
Q

How does HIV replicate? (5)

A
  • HIV carries genetic information as RNA
  • RNA is inserted into the target CD4+ lymphocyte
  • Reverse transcriptase changes RNA into DNA
  • This DNA becomes part of the cell’s genetic make-up over time.
  • Target cell then produces HIV cells with viral RNA
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3
Q

How does HIV cause AIDS? AIDS defined as?

A
  • “Low T-Cell counts” results in immunodeficiency

- AIDS is defined as CD4 count

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4
Q

What is viral load? Cell count? HAART?

A
  • Viral Load: Number of HIV cells, strength of the virus
  • “Cell Count:” Number of lymphocytes per unit of blood, strength of the immune system
  • HAART: Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment
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5
Q

Stages of HIV and AIDS? (3)

A

Asymptomatic (HIV)
Early symptomatic (HIV or AIDS)
Advanced (AIDS)

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6
Q

How is HIV transmitted? (6)

A
  • From mother to child
  • Stuck with infected needle
  • Fluid splash in mouth or eyes
  • Risky sexual behavior
  • IV drug users contract 10% of AIDS cases annually
  • Blood transfusion
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7
Q

Signs: Opportunistic Disease - endocrine? (2) Skin/oral? (3) Systemic complaints? (3)

A

Endocrine
Adrenal gland infections
Thyroid dysfunction

Skin/oral
Herpes simplex
Zoster
Bacterial infections

Systemic complaints
Fever
Weight loss
Nausea

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8
Q

Signs: Opportunistic Disease - neurological - PNS? (2) CNS? (5)

A

PNS
Peripheral neuropathy
Myopathy

CNS
Toxoplasmosis
CNS lymphoma
AIDS dementia
Meningitis
Myelopathy
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9
Q

Signs: Opportunistic Disease - pulmonary? (4) Musculoskeletal? GI? (3)

A 
Pulmonary
Pneumocystic pneumonia most common opportunistic infection in AIDS
H influenza pneumonia
Extrapulmonary TB
Chronic sinusitis

Musculoskeletal
Arthritis of large joints with or without effusion

Gastrointestinal:
Candidal esophagitis
Liver disease
Malabsorption

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10
Q

Signs: Opportunistic Neoplasms types? (5)

A 
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Non-hodgkins lymphoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cervical cancer
CNS Lymphoma
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11
Q

Which neoplasms are unique to HIV?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

CNS lymphoma

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12
Q

What is lymphodystrophy aka? Caused by? What is it? (3) Complications? (2)

A
  • “AIDS Wasting Syndrome”
  • Caused by HAART
  • Fat redistribution – body weight maintained
  • Significant wasting of extremities and face
  • Increased girth of abdomen, upper back, thorax
  • Complications: Heart disease, stroke
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13
Q

The Role of Exercise in Lymphodystrophy? (2) Important to monitor? (3)

A
  • Reduce central fat gain
  • Increase muscle bulk, strength and functional capacity

Important to monitor

  • Postural changes
  • Hip and waist circumference, bra size
  • Changes in body image
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14
Q

Patients with Lymphodystrophy may benefit from? (4)

A
  • Aerobic conditioning
  • Nutritional support
  • Strength training and PREs
  • Growth hormones vs. Progressive resistive training – both seem to be equally effective
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15
Q

What is Myopathy? Symptoms? (5) Diagnosis? (2)

A
  • General abnormality of disease of the muscle caused by deletion of the mitochondria
  • Myalgia/chronic pain
  • Increased CPK
  • Type II fiber atrophy
  • Denervation
  • Proximal muscle weakness

EMG
Muscle biopsy

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16
Q

The Role of Exercise in Acute Myopathy?

A

Exercise is contraindicated

17
Q

The Role of Exercise in Chronic Myopathy? Presents how? Difficulty with? (4)

A
  • Can benefit from exercise
  • Weakness of proximal muscle groups
  • Transitioning from sit to stand
  • Climbing stairs
  • Arms overhead long periods
  • Rising from squat
18
Q

Treatment of Myopathy? (5) Discontinue? Monitor? (4)

A
  • May be responsive to steroids
  • Massage, yoga, relaxation and meditation
  • Discontinue use of antiretroviral agents causing myopathy
  • Monitor pain ratings: Calves, thighs, upper arms
19
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy is how common? Pathogenesis? (4) Predictors of poor outcomes? (3)

A
  • Most common complication of HIV
  • Pathogenesis is largely unknown
  • HAART
  • HgB or albumin levels
  • Poor nutrition

Predictors of poor outcomes

  • Increased age
  • Weight loss
  • Lower CD4 count
20
Q

Most common type of peripheral neuropathy? Affects sensory how? Motor? Distribution? Onset?

A
  • Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy (Most Common)
  • Burning and parasthesia
  • None
  • Stocking, glove
  • Late in disease progression
21
Q

The Role of Rehabilitation in Peripheral Neuropathy - specific attention to? PAtient education involves? (2) Changes in? (3) Monitor? (3) Exercise is?

A
  • Specific attention to feet
  • Patient education: skin checks, proper footwear
  • Changes in biomechanics
  • Pronated feet
  • Tendonitis

Monitor

  • Severity of pain
  • Distribution of sensory loss
  • MMT
  • Exercise may be beneficial
22
Q

Exercise and intervention for patients with AIDS - Factors to Consider? (6)

A 
Stage of disease
Symptomatology
Immunocompromisation
Cardiac status
Comorbidities
Psychological factors
23
Q

Exercise for asymptomatic? (2) Avoid?

A
  • Unrestricted exercise and activity
  • Competitive sports okay
  • Avoid overtraining and overuse – may impact the immune system
24
Q

Exercise for early symptomatic? Avoid? (2)

A
  • Continue exercise training
  • Well designed exercise program based on consistent re-evaluation

Stressful competition
Intensive exhaustive exercise

25
Q

Exercise for advanced symptomatic? (2) Avoid? Need to?

A
  • Remain physically active, frequent exercise
  • Exercise training on symptom limited basis
  • Avoid strenuous training
  • Careful monitoring of health status

Lifespan (3 decks)

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