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NURSING 232- Exam 1 > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

HIV is a _____ virus that locates and destroys ___ cells. These cells help immune system by releasing ____, which help activate other immune system cells.

A
  • Retrovirus
  • CD4+ (Helper T-Cells)
  • Cytokines
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2
Q

Describe the 7 steps of the HIV life cycle.

A
  1. HIV BINDS to CD4 receptor
  2. FUSION takes places, allowing HIV to enter cell
  3. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION of HIV RNA to DNA (this allows entry to nucleus of cell)
  4. HIV INTEGRATES viral DNA with Cell DNA in nucleus
  5. HIV REPLICATES itself, making long HIV proteins
  6. New HIV proteins and HIV rna ASSEMBLE into new, noninfectious immature HIV
  7. BUDDING takes place as immaute HIV pushes out of cell, where protease breaks up long proteins, creating Mature and infectious virus
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3
Q

Most people who are infected with HIV develop _____ within _____. In this stage ______ is high and person is _____, but they will test negative for ______.

A
  • Acute infection (Stage 0)
  • 4 Weeks
  • Viral Load
  • Contagious
  • Antibodies
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4
Q

What symptoms may be seen during acute infection/seroconversion?

A

Flu like symptoms

  • Fever, chills, muscle aches, night sweats
  • rash or sore throat
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5
Q

Asymptomatic chronic infection vs Symptomatic chronic infection (Stage 2)

A
  • Asymptomatic- Immune system takes control, CD4+ counts increase and viral load decreases, but unable to stop replication. CD4+ counts decrease over years.
  • Symptomatic- CD4+ counts decrease and immune system slowly unable to fight virus, Non-sepcific symptoms develop, CD4+ counts fall rapidly and progress to aids.
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6
Q

Describe stage 1 of HIV.

A
  • HIV infection confirmed
  • CD4+ T-cell count is greater than 500 cells/mm3
  • NO DEFINING AIDS ILLNESS
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7
Q

Describe stage 2 of HIV.

A
  • HIV infection confirmed
  • CD4+ T-cell count is between 200-499 cells/mm3
  • NO AIDS DEFINING ILLNESSS
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8
Q

Describe stage 3 of HIV

A
  • HIV infection confirmed
  • CD4+ T-cell count is <200 OR a person can have a higher t-cell count but has one or more AIDS-Defining illnesses
  • This is AIDS
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9
Q

what is another name for AIDS defining Illness? Why are they called this?

A
  • Opportunistic infections
  • With the CD4+ count declining, immune system is too weak to fight and they use the opportunity to infect.
  • These are more frequent and more severe in patients with HIV.
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10
Q

What are five common opportunistic infections?

A
  • Karposi’s Sarcoma - most common aids related malignancy
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia
  • Oral/Vaginal candidiasis
  • TB
  • Lymphoma
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11
Q

How is HIV primarily spread?

A

*Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk of an HIV infected person.

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12
Q

What is PEP and when must it be initiated to be effective?

A
  • Post exposure prophylaxis - Use of antiretroviral drugs after single high-risk event.
  • Must be started as soon as possible and always within 72 hours of possible exposure.
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13
Q

What is a normal CD4 count?

A

500-1500

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14
Q

Cognitive, motor and behavioral impairments seen in AIDS patients is known as? What % of people is this seen in?

A
  • Aids dementia complex

* 70%

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15
Q

What are some preventative measures for parenteral transmission?

A
  • Clean syringe/needles by filling and flushing with clear water, then fill with bleach and shake for 30-60 seconds and rinse with clear water.
  • Needle exchange programs - exchange dirty needles for clean ones.
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16
Q

which groups are experiencing increased numbers of HIV infection?

A

African Americans and Hispanics

17
Q

What are the 3 modes of perinatal HIV transmission? % risk on and off hiv therapy?

A
  • Through Placenta
  • During Birth
  • Breast milk
  • 8% risk if on HIV drug therapy, 25% risk if not on HIV drug therapy
18
Q

How can HIV be transmitted to Healthcare workers? How can this be prevented?

A
  • Needle stick (Most common)
  • Exposure of non-intact skin to bodily fluids
  • STANDARD PRECAUTIONS*
19
Q

refers to ways that HIV+ people can prevent spreading HIV to others.

A

*Positive prevention

20
Q

What is Viral load?

A

*The amount of HIV RNA in a persons blood.

21
Q

What are the Common HIV screening tests and what smaple is used for each? and what are they testing for?

A
  • Testing for HIV antibodies
  • Rapid oral HIV test- oral fluid
  • Enzyme immunoassay test (EIA)- Blood, urine, saliva
  • Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) - Blood
22
Q

____ is a very accurate but more expensive antibody test used to confirm ______. How long until this test can detect HIV antibodies?

A
  • Western Blot
  • Positive preliminary screening results
  • After 60 to 90 days
23
Q

Why does a positive result on theRapid Test, EIA, or ELISA screening test require a follow up western blot test?

A

*Certain conditions may lead to false positives (lyme, lupus, syphilis)

24
Q

There is a period of time after infection where____ cannot be measured. This is known as a _____. How long is it?

A
  • Antibodies
  • Window period
  • 3 months
25
Q

Which type of test can detect HIV in 10 to 15 days and why?

A
  • RNA test

* Testing for the Virus directly instead of antibodies

26
Q

(CDC) recommends routine HIV screening in health care settings for all adults, aged____, and all ____.

A
  • 13-64

* Pregnant women

27
Q

Goals of antiretrovirals?

A
  • Suppress viral load
  • Increase quality of/prolong life/reduce death
  • restore immune system
  • prevention
28
Q

what is HAART? how many classes of medications?

A
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy

* 6 classes

29
Q

pretend to be the building blocks that HIV needs to multiply. Prevent viral RNA from becoming viral DNA by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Give an example.

A
  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptace inhibitors (NRTIS)

* Emtricitabine

30
Q

work by sticking tightly to a protein that HIV needs to make more copies of itself. The protein becomes unusable to the HIV virus and it can’t complete the copying process. Give an example.

A
  • Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptace inhibitors (NNRTIS)

* Rilpivirine

31
Q

prevent new copies of HIV from becoming infectious. Inhibit a protein called protease, and without it, HIV can’t make copies of itself. What is this indicated for?

A
  • Protease inhibitor

* indicated for antiretroviral drug regimens for HIV

32
Q

block HIV from entering the CD4 cell.

A

Entry/Fusion inhibitor

33
Q

Prevent HIV from entering target cells

A

Chemokine Coreceptor Antagonists

34
Q

block or prevent HIV from putting itself into the DNA of CD4 cells

A

integrase inhibitor

35
Q

HCPs recommend a combo of how many hiv meds from different classes and why?

A
  • combo of 3 different class medications

* Makes drug resistance more difficult

36
Q

Which drugs are used for PEP?

A

Truvada & Isentress or Tivicay

37
Q

Name two Drugs approved for PREP use?

A

Truvada and Descovy

38
Q

What values indicates an undetectable viral load for HIV achieved through adhering to an antiretroviral drug regimen?

A

<20 cell/mL

NURSING 232- Exam 1 (5 decks)

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