Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infectious Disease > HIV/AID > Flashcards

HIV/AID Flashcards

1
Q

What is the full form of HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the full form of AIDS?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What pathogen causes AIDS

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the methods of transmission of HIV?

A

In semen or vaginal fluids during sexual intercourse
Infected blood or blood products
Contaminated hypodermic syringes
Mother to fetus across placenta and at birth
Mother to infant in breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the global distribution of HIV/AIDS?

A

Worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the incubation period of HIV/AIDS?

A

Initial incubation a few weeks, but up to 10 years or more before symptoms of AIDS may develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sight of action of pathogen?

A

T-helper lymphocytes, macrophages, brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the clinical features of HIV?

A

HIV infection-flu like symptoms and then symptomless
AIDS-Opportunistic infections, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancers; weight, loss, diarrhea, fever, sweating, and dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the method of diagnosis for HIV/AIDS?

A

Testing blood, saliva or urine for the presence of antibodies produced against HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the estimated total number of people living with HIV worldwide in 2017?

A

36.9 million (approximately 67% of this in sub-Saharan Africa) (UNAIDS estimate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Estimated number of new cases of HIV infection worldwide in 2017

A

1.8 million (UNAIDS estimate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Estimated number of deaths from AIDS related diseases worldwide in 2017

A

940,000 (UNAIDS estimate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

It is a retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it mean to be a retrovirus?

A

It’s genetic material is RNA not DNA. Once inside the host cell the viral RNA is converted back to DNA (hence retro) incorporated into human chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens once the HIV virus is incorporated into human chromosomes

A

The virus infects and destroyed cells of the body’s immune system(T-helper lymphocytes) so that the numbers gradually decrease. The T-helper lymphocytes, control the immune systems response to infection. When the numbers of these cells are low, the body is unable to defend itself against infection, so allowing a range of pathogens to cause a variety of opportunistic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an opportunistic infection?

A

An infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of a host with a weakened immune system

17
Q

Which disease has no animal vector?

A

HIV/AIDS

18
Q

The transmission of HIV is only possible through

A

Direct exchange of body fluids

19
Q

Why was the virus spread more easily across male homosexual partners

A

The mucous lining of the rectum is not as thick as that of the vagina and there is less natural lubrication. As a result, the rectal lining is easily damaged during intercourse and the virus can pass from semen to blood.

20
Q

Who is at high risk of infection from HIV

A

Hemophiliacs who were treated with a clotting substance (factor VIII) isolated from blood pooled from many donors.

21
Q

The infections that can opportunistically develop to create AIDS tend to be characteristic of the conditions. What are two of these infections caused by fungi

A

Oral thrush caused by Candida albicans
A rare form of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci

22
Q

Why does the HIV virus cause a rare type of skin cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma caused by herpes like virus

A

As the immune system collapses further it becomes less effective in finding and destroying cancers. This disease is associated with AIDS

23
Q

What are the most common causes of death of people with AIDS in developed countries?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma and cancers of other internal organs
Degenerative diseases of the brain such as dementia

24
Q

Why does AIDS have an adverse effect on the economic development of the countries in the region?

A

It affects sexually active people in their twenties and thirties who are also the most economically productive
The purchase of expensive drugs drains government funds

25
Q

Why does AIDS have an adverse effect on the economic development of the countries in the region?

A

It affects sexually active people in their twenties and thirties who are also the most economically productive
The purchase of expensive drugs drains government funds

26
Q

The world bank estimated that AIDS had reversed ______ years of economic growth for some African states by the end of 20th century

A

10 to 15 years

27
Q

How is HIV/AIDS treated

A

There is yet no cure for AIDS and no vaccine for HIV however, there has been much success in recent years and treating people with drugs so that they can live with HIV.

28
Q

What is the problem of drug therapy used to treat people who are HIV+?

A

They’re expensive and have a variety of side effects from mild and temporary (rashes headaches diarrhea) to severe and permanent (nerve damage, abnormal fat distribution)

29
Q

For the treatment of HIV if used in combination

A

Two more drugs which prevent the replication of virus inside the host cell can prolong life, but they’re not a cure for the disease.

30
Q

What are the drugs used to treat HIV like?

A

They are similar to DNA nucleotides (eg zidovudine is similar to the nucleotide that contains the base thymine). Zidovudine mines to the viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase and block its action. This stops the application of the viral, genetic material and leads to an increase in some of the body’s lymphocytes.

31
Q

A course of combination therapy can be

A

Very complicated to follow, and the pattern and timing of medication through the day must strictly be followed

32
Q

What happens to people who are unable to keep up with the pattern and timing of medication of combination therapy during the treatment of HIV

A

They can become susceptible to strains of HIV that have developed resistance to the drugs

33
Q

What is the spread of of HIV/AIDS difficult to control

A

The virus’s long latent stage means it can be transmitted by people who are HIV+ but show no symptoms of AIDS and do not know they are infected
The virus changes its surface proteins, which makes it hard for the bodies immune system to recognize it, which makes the development of a vaccine very difficult

34
Q

What are some effective methods to reduce the risk of HIV?

A

-Condoms, femidoms, and dental dams during intercourse Este form a barrier between body fluids, reducing the chances of transmission of the virus
-needle exchange schemes to exchange used needles for sterile ones
-screen the blood collected from blood donors for HIV and let it be heat-treated tokill any viruses.

35
Q

What is an important part of controlling the spread of HIV?

A

Contact tracing- if a person who is diagnosed as HIV+ is willing and able to identify the people he or she has put a risk of infection then this will be offered and test. This test identifies the presence of antibodies to HIV

36
Q

HIV+ women in high income countries advised not to breast-feed their babies because of the risk of transmission, even if they have a secure supply of drugs during this period however HIV+ women in low and middle income countries are advised to breast-feed, especially if they have a secure supply of drugs during this period. Why is it so?

A

Because the protection that breastfeeding gives the babies against other diseases and the lack of clean water to make up formula milk outweigh the risks of transmitting HIV

37
Q

How is mother to child transmission reduced?

A

By treating HIV+ women and their babies with drugs

Infectious Disease (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions