Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

HIV spread

A
  • Sexual transmission
  • Injection drug misuse
  • Needle stick injury
  • Blood products
  • Vertical transmission
  • Organ transplant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HIV infection immunology

A

-HIV infects and destroys cells of the immune system especially the T-Helper cells that are CD4+ (have a CD4 receptor on their surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Natural history of HIV

A

Over course of infection:
CD4 count declines & HIV viral load increases
-Increasing risk of developing infections and tumours
-The severity of these illnesses is greater the lower the CD4 count (normal CD4 > 500)
-Most AIDS diagnoses (severe infections) occur at CD4 count <200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Seroconversion/primary HIV

A
  • Approximately 30 - 60% of patients have a seroconversion illness (when HIV antibodies first develop)
  • Abrupt onset 2 – 4 weeks post exposure, self limiting 1 – 2 weeks
  • Symptoms generally non-specific and differential diagnosis includes a range of common conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Seroconversion symptoms

A
  • Flu-like illness
  • Fever
  • Malaise and lethargy
  • Pharyngitis
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Toxic exanthema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A
  • Commonest late stage (AIDS) infection
  • Opportunistic infection
  • CD4 cell count usually <200
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia symptoms

A

Classic history of dry cough and increasing breathlessness over seveal weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia investigations

A

-Chest X-Ray

–Induced sputum or broncoscopy for PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia treatment

A
  • Cotrimoxazole
  • Pentamidine
  • Prophylaxis until CD4 >400
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When to start HIV treatment

A
  • Nowadays start all patients at diagnosis regardless of CD4 and viral load
  • If CD4 < 350 cells/mm3 patients at risk fo developing symptoms without being on treatment
  • If CD4 < 200 need to start as soon as possible
  • Any pregnant woman – start before third trimester
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HIV treatment

A

Three drug combination with treatment adjustment if viral load not adequately suppressed after 4-6 weeks

  • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • protease inhibitors
  • integrase inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor side effects

A

-marrow toxicity, neuropathy, lipodystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors side effects

A

-skin rashes, hypersensitivity, drug interactions, neuropsychiatric effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protease inhibitors side effects

A

-drug interactions, diarrhoea, lipodystrophy and hyperlipidaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integrase inhibitors side effects

A

Rashes, disturbed sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HIV prevention

A
  • Behaviour change and condoms
  • Circumcision
  • Treatment as prevention
    - VL undetectable = untransmissable
  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis for sexual exposure (PEPSE)
17
Q

People living with HIV

A

36.7 million

18
Q

HIV antibody/antigen testing

A
  • Can result in false negative results
  • The length of the window period varies
  • UK guidelines: 4th generation test the window period is 1 month
19
Q

HIV genome testing (viral load)

A
  • Detection of HIV RNA
  • Used to monitor the effectiveness of HIV treatment
  • Used for diagnosis in presence of maternal antibody
20
Q

HIV resistance testing

A
  • Identification of specific mutations that confer resistance to antiretroviral drugs
  • used for:
    - Baseline at diagnosis
    - Suboptimal treatment response
    - Treatment failing
    - Want to change treatment for another reason
21
Q

Risk of transmission of BBV to health care worker after

percutaneous exposure

A
  • HBV surface antigen positive blood up to 30% (1:3)
  • HCV RNA positive blood ~ 3% (1:30)
  • HIV positive blood ~ 0.3% (1:300)
22
Q

Risk of transmission of BBV to health care worker after mucocutaneous exposure

A

HIV positive blood <0.1% (1:1000)

23
Q

Occupational exposure to HBV

A
  • Had hepatitis B vaccine?
  • Response known ?
  • Is there need for vaccine + immunoglobulin?
    - Active and passive immunisation
    - Vaccine non-responders remain susceptible
24
Q

Occupational exposure to HCV

A
  • No vaccine available
  • No immunoglobulin available for PEP
  • No anti-viral therapy licenced for PEP

Early treatment decreases risk of chronic infection → important to test after exposure

25
Q

Occupational exposure to HIV

A

Combination post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommended ASAP, preferably within one hour but at least within 48-72 hrs of exposure, continued for 28 days

Infection (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions