Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2 Surgery and Anaesthesia > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

What are the initial investigations after a person has been diagnosed with HIV?

A

Viral load
CD4 T cell count
HIV genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When should treatment be started after the diagnosis of HIV?

A

Straight away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the composition of combined therapies for HIV?

A

Have at least 2 classes, and 3 drugs

All in 1 tablet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the classes of antiretroviral drugs?

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptate inhibitors (NRTIs)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Protease inhibitors (PIs)
Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs)
Fusion inhibitors (FIs)
Chemokine receptor antagonists (CCR5 antagonists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What parameters are monitored in a person with HIV?

A

Viral load
- Decreases in weeks-months after treatment commenced
Other STIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common reason that viral load does not decreases after treatment is started?

A

Patient not taking medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for contracting HIV in Australia?

A

MSM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for contracting HIV in sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for contracting HIV in East and South-East Asia?

A

IVDU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the risk of contracting HIV from a needle-stick injury, if the patient has HIV?

A

1 in 300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the risk of contracting hepatitis C from a needle-stick injury, if the patient has hepatitis C?

A

1 in 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the risk of contracting hepatitis B from a needle-stick injury, if the patient has hepatitis B?

A

If vaccinated, vanishingly small

If unvaccinated, 1 in 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does treatment equal cure in hepatitis C?

A

No reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the reservoir for HIV?

A

CD4 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the reservoir for hepatitis B?

A

DNA of hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is there treatment for hepatitis B? Is there a cure?

A

Treatment, yes

No cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who gets pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?

A

Partner has HIV
Person/partner has significant risk
Within 72 hours of risky sex

18
Q

Along with HIV, what else do you test for?

A 
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Combined PCR on urine
- Chlamydia
- Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
19
Q

What are the symptoms of initial infection with HIV?

A 
Often asymptomatic
Flu-like illness
- Fever
- Lymphadenopathy
- Rash (uncommon)
20
Q

What does HIV serology involve?

A

Dual testing for Ag and Ab

21
Q

When does HIV antigen become positive in a serology test?

A

Within 10-14 days

22
Q

If the combined HIV serology is negative, when is the patient out of the woods?

A

Test remains -ve after 6 weeks

23
Q

In what cases is PCR testing for HIV used?

A

When concerned about vertical transfer

24
Q

Is specific consent required for HIV testing?

A

Yes

25
Q

Why is it important to test for chlamydia?

A

Largely asymptomatic

26
Q

Which populations are at higher risk of contracting gonorrhoea and syphilis?

A

MSM

Indigenous Australians

27
Q

From where are swabs taken for gonorrhoea testing?

A

Throat

Anal

28
Q

What are classical infections of AIDS?

A 
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
CMV retinitis
Crytococcal meningitis
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection
29
Q

What are some atypical, or severe skin or oral infections that suggest impaired cell-mediated immunity, especially if risk factors are present?

A 
Shingles in young person
Warts
- Intra-oral
- Widespread facial
- Severe anogenital
Severe/widespread herpes simplex
Facial molluscum contagiosum
Oral candidiasis
Oral hairy luekoplakia
Necrotising gingivitis
TB
30
Q

What are some cancers that are more common in HIV?

A

Lymphomas
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Anal cancer

31
Q

What are the key messages to convey to a patient at diagnosis with HIV?

A

Readily treatable
Shouldn’t interfere greatly with life plans - will need regular medical checks
Use condoms
Treatment prevents transmission

32
Q

What are the key questions to ask a patient at diagnosis with HIV?

A

Have donated blood/semen in last year?
Any sexual partners from last year contactable? Could you call them and recommend a test?
Who can you talk to for support?

33
Q

What is seroconversion?

A

HIV Ab test converts from -ve to +ve 3-5 weeks after transmission

34
Q

What is seroconversion illness?

A

Febrile illness around time of seroconversion

Sometimes severe enough to present to hospital

35
Q

What is seroconversion illness often assumed to be?

A

Flu

Glandular fever

36
Q

What are the possible symptoms of seroconversion illness?

A 
Fever
Sore throat
Rash
Diarrhoea
Weight loss
37
Q

What are the parameters for CD4 cells?

A

More than 500 = normal
500-200 = mild immunosuppression
Less than 200 = risk of AIDS

38
Q

What are the principles of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

A

Suppress viral replication to

  • Prevent viral infection of CD4 cells
  • Allow reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity
  • Stop reverse transcriptase making random drug-resistant mutations
39
Q

Can patients go on drug holidays on ART?

A

No, unless essential

Continuous viral suppression better than intermittent therapy, even at high CD4 counts

40
Q

What is immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome?

A

When cell-mediated immunity improves, some weeks after starting ART, asymptomatic infections may suddenly present with inflammation
Symptoms occurring some weeks after starting ART, in someone with initially low CD4 count, consider possibility of T cell-mediated immune flare in existing infection

MD2 Surgery and Anaesthesia (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions