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Maternal Medicine > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

Ref: Evidence Based MFM, Creasy & Resnik, lecture notes from Dr. Davies

1
Q

What type of cells are the target of HIV infection?

A

T cells with CD-4 and CCR5 receptors, macrophages/monocytes

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2
Q

How does HIV utilize a cells machinery to replicate?

A

After binding CD4 or CCR5 receptors on a cell surface, viral RNA is transcribed into DNA using the cell’s reverse transcriptase. The DNA is then integrated into the infected cell’s genome.

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3
Q

Pathophysiology of HIV

A

HIV primarily infects T lymphocytes that express the CD4 antigen, resulting in a progressive loss of these cells and impairment of cellular immunity as well as humoral immunity. When CD4 lymphocytes are sufficiently depleted there is the progression to AIDS, characterized by the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies.

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4
Q

How rapidly does HIV replicate?

A

Infected CD4 population doubles every 15 days.

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5
Q

While HIV1 is the most common strain of HIV seen in the US, where is HIV2 most commonly seen?

A

West Africa

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6
Q

How does HIV2 differ from HIV1?

A

HIV2 is less virulent but more indolent, with decreased transmission rates

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7
Q

How quickly can HIV be detected after a primary infection?

A

21 days

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8
Q

How common are symptoms during the acute phase?

A

40-90% have symptoms within 2w of exposure

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9
Q

What are the primary symptoms with acute HIV?

A

Fever, LAD, pharyngitis, rash, and myalgias/arthralgias

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10
Q

Following the acute infection, what is the typical latency period before symptoms develop?

A

7-11 years

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11
Q

What is the typical rate of CD4 drop/year during the latency period?

A

50/year

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12
Q

Diagnosis of HIV

A

Screening ELISA is positive and is followed by a confirmatory positive Western blot.

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13
Q

When is rapid testing for HIV indicated?

A

Previously untested women presenting in labor, or those expected to be delivered for maternal or fetal indications before results of conventional testing can be obtained.

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14
Q

Sensitivity & specificity, PPV of rapid HIV testing

A

The sensitivity and specificity of each of the available rapid testing assays ranges from 95% to 100%, while the positive predictive value depends on the prevalence of disease in the population. In a population with low prevalence of disease, the positive predictive value is low while the false- positive rate is high. For example, with a prevalence of disease of *1% in the population, the positive predictive value of the test may be as low as 60%.

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15
Q

What should be done if a rapid HIV test is positive?

A

ARV prophylaxis should be offered without waiting for the results of the confirmatory conventional tests.

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16
Q

How does viral load affect transmission rates?

A

27% with VL >100,000, <20

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17
Q

Diagnosis of AIDS

A

Regardless of symptoms, a CD4 <200 cells/mm3 or the presence of an AIDS-defining illness in an HIV-positive person is an AIDS diagnosis.

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18
Q

What is the recommended approach to HIV screening in pregnancy? Opt-in or opt-out?

A

An opt-out approach has been shown to increase acceptance rates for HIV testing in pregnant women and is the recommended approach to universal prenatal screening.

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19
Q

After initial prenatal testing for HIV, who should have a repeat test? When?

A

28-32 wks
High-risk behavior
High-prevalence area
Previously declined testing

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20
Q

Risk factors for perinatal HIV transmission

A 
Closely related to viral load at the time of delivery. 
Other risk factors: 
Low CD4+ T-lymphocyte count
Lack of ARV therapy
Biologic phenotype of the virus
Substance abuse
Prolonged duration of membrane rupture
HCV coinfection
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Preterm birth
Chorioamnionitis
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21
Q

Fetal complications of HIV

A

Possible increased risk of preterm delivery if on a protease inhibitor (PI) containing regimen, but no increased risk of FGR, stillbirth, or low Apgar scores.

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22
Q

Effect of pregnancy on HIV progression

A

Pregnancy has no clear effect on HIV progression. A transient but clinically insignificant decrease in the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count has been described.

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23
Q

Antepartum perinatal HIV transmission risk

A

25-40%

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24
Q

Intrapartum perinatal HIV transmission risk

A

60-75%

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25
Q

Postpartum breastfeeding transmission risk

A

14%

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26
Q

Transmission rate of HIV without ART

A

25%

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27
Q

Transmission rate of HIV on AZT monotherapy

A

10%

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28
Q

Transmission rate of HIV with ART

A

1.2%

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29
Q

If you had only intrapartum AZT and C/S available, what would be the transmission rates?

A

5-8% with ZDV, 2% with C/S + ZDV

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30
Q

What is the transmission rate once SROM has occurred?

A

2%/hour

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31
Q

Is there still a benefit of C/S once labor/SROM occurs?

A

The benefit is lessened significantly, so give loading dose of AZT and proceed with C/S

32
Q

HIV Stage A1

A

(Used by UCH CHIP team)
Asymptomatic, acute, primary HIV, or PGL (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy)
CD4 >/= 500/uL

33
Q

HIV Stage A2

A

Asymptomatic, acute, primary HIV, or PGL

CD4 200-499/uL

34
Q

HIV Stage A3

A

Asymptomatic, acute, primary HIV, or PGL

CD4 </=200/uL (AIDS indicator)

35
Q

HIV Stage B1

A

Symptomatic, not A or C conditions

CD4 >/= 500/uL

36
Q

HIV Stage B2

A

Symptomatic, not A or C conditions

CD4 200-499/uL

37
Q

HIV Stage B3

A

Symptomatic, not A or C conditions

CD4 </=200/uL (AIDS indicator)

38
Q

HIV Stage C1

A

AIDS-indicator conditions

CD4 >/= 500/uL

39
Q

HIV Stage C2

A

AIDS-indicator conditions

CD4 200-499/uL

40
Q

HIV Stage C3

A

AIDS-indicator conditions

CD4 </=200/uL (AIDS indicator)

41
Q

Preconception counseling for HIV+ women

A
  • Initiate or modify ART, avoiding potentially teratogenic agents
  • Opportunistic infection prophylaxis as indicated by CD4 count
  • Appropriate immunizations
  • Optimize maternal nutritional status, initiating folic acid supplementation
  • Screen for and treat STIs
  • Screen for psychological and substance abuse disorders Advise how to optimize the chance of conception while minimizing the risk of sexual transmission
  • Prevent unwanted pregnancies
42
Q

Initial prenatal visit for HIV+ patients - H&P

A

-Complete medical/obstetric/gynecologic
-History of prior or current ARV use
-Symptoms of AIDS - fever, night sweats, weight loss, a new persistent dry cough, diarrhea, refractory vaginal candidiasis, oral candidiasis, new outbreaks of herpes.
-Assess need for prophylaxis against opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
-Complete physical exam, if CD4 <200 cells/mm3, specifically evaluate for thrush, HSV, lymphadenopathy, or a rash.
Discuss risk of transmission and factors that modify those risks.
Discuss risk and benefits of ART for both the patient and the fetus.
Educate on safe sex practices with condoms.

43
Q

Initial prenatal visit for HIV+ patients - Labs

A
  • HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb, HCV ab
  • CMV and Toxo antiboides
  • CBC w/ diff, LFTs, Cr, ur protein
  • VDRL/RPR, gc/ct
  • PPD.
  • Early 1 hr gtt if prolonged protease inhibitor (PI) exposure.
  • Pap smear
  • CD4 cell count
  • Plasma HIV RNA level
  • Resistance testing: before starting ART, if initial HIV RNA level above the threshold for resistance testing on tx
  • Genotyping is preferable to phenotyping because it is less expensive, it has a faster turnaround time, and a greater sensitivity for detecting mixtures of wild-type and resistant virus.
  • HLA B-5701 testing if abacavir use is anticipated.
44
Q

PPD testing if CD4 < 200 cells/mm3

A

A negative test may be the result of anergy, and pts should have a CXR to r/o tb

45
Q

Monitoring HIV during pregnancy

A
  • Q trimester: CBC w/ diff, LFTs, Cr, ur protein
  • CD4 cell count - at least q 3 mos
  • Plasma HIV RNA levels - 2 to 4 weeks after initiating/changing therapy, q mo until HIV RNA levels are undetectable, and then at 34-36w to determine mode of delivery
  • VL should decrease by 1 to 2 logs within 4 weeks of starting therapy.
  • Resistance testing: if suboptimal viral suppression after ARV initiation, if persistently detectable plasma VL on therapy which previously suppressed the virus to undetectable
46
Q

Delivery recommendations for pregnant women w/ HIV

A

l Women with a viral load >1000 copies/mL should be
counseled regarding the benefit of planned cesarean delivery at 38 weeks to reduce the risk of transmission. With effective antiretroviral therapy leading to undetectable viral load, planned cesarean delivery for viral load >1000, and formula feeding, the risk of perinatal transmission is reduced to <2%.

47
Q

AZT treatment for newborn

A

The newborn should receive AZT for at least the first four to six weeks of life (dose 2 mg/kg qid).

48
Q

Dx of HIV in the infant

A

May take up to 18 mos to clear maternal antibodies, thus a qualitative HIV-1 DNA PCR assay is used
Should be performed at a minimum age of 14-21 days, at 1-2 mos, and at 4-6 mos
HIV may be excluded with 2 or more negative tests, w/ one at >14 d and >1 mo.
Many confirm w/ an HIV antibody test at 12-18 mos.

49
Q

After birth, how long should a neonate be treated with ART?

50
Q

Which pts receive ART in pregnancy?

A
  • If newly diagnosed in 1st trimester, & pt does not meet guidelines to start ARV therapy for herself, then defer tx until 14w to decr embryopathy risk.
  • If pt presents and is already on ARV, then co ntinue tx (d/c teratogenic agents)
  • Continue ARV tx for duration of pregnancy to decr vertical txmission.
  • Should start tx by 28w to achieve undetectable VL prior to delivery
51
Q

How common is ART resistance?

52
Q

Which women should receive AZT during pregnancy (before labor)?

A
  • Women who present before labor, and not already on ARV tx, should be started on a HAART regimen that includes AZT
  • If a woman already on ARV tx presents less than 36w, then continue HAART and include AZT, even if resistant
53
Q

Guidelines for selecting an ART regimen in pregnancy

A
  • At least one nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with high placental transfer (zidovudine/lamivudine/stavudine/tenofovir/
    abacavir) should be included if possible.
  • AZT should be part of the regimen in all pregnant women unless contraindicated: antepartum AZT orally 300 mg bid from week 14 until delivery
  • AZT can cause anemia and neutropenia, so monitor CBC.
54
Q

AZT dosing in labor

A

Intrapartum infusion of AZT IV 2 mg/kg over the first hour followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr until delivery.

55
Q

ARV medications/combinations to avoid

A

Efavirenz, hydroxyurea, amprenavir solution, combinations of AZT with d4T or d4T with ddI.

56
Q

Side effects of AZT

A

Hemoglobin < 8 g/dL
Absolute neutrophil count < 750 cells/mm3
AST or ALT > 5x nl
Rarely linked to mitochondrial toxicity in neonates

57
Q

Side effects of protease inhibitors

A

Hyperglycemia (new-onset DM, exacerbation of existing DM, DKA)

58
Q

Side effects of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A 
(Nevirapine)
Rash
Hepatotoxicity
Risk higher if CD4 > 250 cells/mm3
Monitor transaminases, esp in first 18w of tx
59
Q

Are there any teratogenic ARV agents?

A

Efavirenz - increased NTDs in animal studies

60
Q

Antiretroviral tx in pregnancy - recommended agents

A

NRTI - Zidovudine (AZT, aka Retrovir) + Lamivudine (3TC, aka Epivir)) = Combivir
NNRTI - Nevirapine (aka Viramune)
PI - Lopinavir/ritonavir (aka Kaletra)

61
Q

Antiretroviral tx in pregnancy - alternate agents

A

NRTI - Didanosine (ddI, aka Videx), Emtricitabine (aka Emtriva), Stavudine (d4T, aka Zerit), Abacavir (aka Ziagen)
[fatal lactic acidosis has occured w/ ddI+D4T, use only if no other alternative]
PI - Indinavir (Crixivan, requires boosting with ritonavir); Nelfinavir (Viricept), Atazanavir (Reyataz), Saquinavir (Invirase)

62
Q

Antiretroviral tx in pregnancy - use in special circumstances

A

NRTI - Tenofovir (Viread, limited studies in preg, bone demineralization w/ chronic use)
NNRTI - Efavirenz (Sustiva, CNS defects, avoid in 1st trim)
PI - Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir - no studies in human pregnancy

63
Q

Which ARV should be used in HBV+ pts?

A

Lamivudine, Tenofovir

64
Q

Which uterotonic should be avoided due to the risk for protease inhibitor p450 interaction?

A

Methergine

65
Q

Vaccines in HIV+ pts

A 
Pneumovax
Hepatitis B
Influenza
Hepatitis A if HCV+
Tetanus
Diptheria
Inactivated polio if at risk
Rubella PP if CD4 > 200
Varicella - being evaluated, not currently recommended
BCG - should not be administered
65
Q

Opportunistic infections

A 
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Toxoplasmic encephalitis
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Varicella zoster virus
Candidiasis
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
65
Q

PCP pneumonia - indications for prophylaxis and first line drug

A

CD4 count <14
History of AIDS-defining illness
History of oropharyngeal candidiasis
History of PCP pneumonia (secondary prophylaxis)

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
(TMP-SMZ) one DS tablet daily

66
Q

Disseminated MAC - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

CD4 < 50 cells/uL

Azithromycin 1200 mg PO/wk

67
Q

Toxoplasmic encephalitis - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

CD4 < 100 cells/uL
Seropositive for T. gondii IgG

TMP-SMZ one DS tab daily

68
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

PPD >/= 5mm OR
Prior + PPD w/o adequate tx OR
Contact with person with active TB
regardless of PPD status

INH sensitive:
INH 300 mg po + pyridoxine 50 mg po daily x 9 mo OR
INH 900 mg po + pyridoxine 100 mg po 2x/w x 9 mo
INH resistant:
Rifampin 600 mg po daily OR
rifabutin 300 mg po daily x 4 mo

69
Q

Varicella zoster - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

Varicella nonimmune and exposed to
chickenpox or shingles

Varicella Zoster immune globulin—5 vials (1.25 mL each) within 48–96 hours of
exposure

72
Q

Cryptococcus - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

CD4 < 50/mm3

Fluconazole 150 mg PO daily

73
Q

HSV - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

Recurrent outbreaks

Acyclovir 400 mg BID

74
Q

Candidiasis - indications for prophylaxis and first line tx

A

Recurrent infections

Fluconazole 150 mg PO daily

75
Q

What is the most common serious opportunistic disease in women w/ HIV?

A

PCP pneumonia

76
Q

What is the second most common serious opportunistic disease in women w/ HIV?

A

Mycobacterium avium complex

Maternal Medicine (20 decks)

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