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History - Paper 2 > Hitlers Germany > Flashcards

Hitlers Germany Flashcards

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0
Q

Who did the Nazi’s try to appeal to?

A

Both workers and business men who had lost all their money and investments in the economic collapse

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1
Q

Impact of the wall street crash on germany

A
  • American banks forced to recall their loans - German companies unable to pay
  • German businesses began to close. Millions lost jobs and people went homeless unable to pay mortgages. By 1632, unemployment had reached 6 million
  • People felt let down by Weimar government - turned to extremist parties
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2
Q

Who did communists aim at? How?

A

The poor working class, not businessmen

Held rallies, marches and meetings

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3
Q

How did the Nazi’s spread their idea’s?

A
  • through propaganda - Josef Goebbels
  • Hitler’s private army (SA) - caused trouble and violence at meetings ran by their political opponents, and they then blamed communists for causing the violence
  • hitler’s speeches on things he thought were most popular message - he criticised Treaty of V and those who signed it (the Jews and communists that were not interested in Germany’s nationality)
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4
Q

How did Brüning try to deal with the crisis between 1930-1932? Was he popular?

A

Raised taxes
Cut off the salaries of government employees
Cut the level of unemployment benefit

He became very unpopular - many germans believed their democratic constitution was failing them

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5
Q

When were the Nazi’s the largest party in the Reichstag?

A

After the July elections in 1932

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6
Q

How did Hitler use the 1932 presidential elections to his benefit? Did he become chancellor?

A

No, Hindenburg became president.

Hitler used the election to put across the Nazi message of blaming the country’s problems on the enemies of Germany (Jews, communists and foreign capitalists) and promised to build a stronger country

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7
Q

Was Von Papen a successful Chancellor?

A

No. Von Papen (Chancellor) had no support in the Reichstag. He called for another election (Nov 1932) but didn’t get the extra support he needed. The Nazi lost seats but were still the largest party.

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8
Q

Why did Hitler become Chancellor?

A

Hindenburg couldn’t continue to work with a Chancellor that had no support in the Reichstag (Von Papen) so they decided to make Hitler Chancellor. They thought they could control him once he was in power. In 30th January 1933, Hitler became Chancellor, and Von Papen became Vice-Chancellor.

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9
Q

Why was Hitler disappointed in March 1933 elections?

A

Because even though Nazi’s were the largest party (288 seats) this was only 44% of the votes, and Hitler needed to pass the laws legally.

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10
Q

How did Hitler gain support in march 1933 after the elections?

A

Gained support of the Nationalists (52 seats) that wanted to see Germany become a great country again.

Gained support of Centre Party (74 seats) by promising to protect the Catholic church in Germany

Plus there were heavily armed SA men when the Reichstag members assembled

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11
Q

Why were the Communists not allowed seats in the Reichstag in march 1933 elections?

A

Because Hitler used the President’s emergency law to stop them.

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12
Q

What were the reasons for Hitler coming to power?

A
  • propaganda
  • wall street crash -> Germany poor, blamed Weimar
  • SA and their role
  • hitler’s promises for “Germany’s pride” and “jobs for everyone”
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13
Q

Hitler didn’t have enough support to have complete control over Germany. What did he do? (March, 1933)

A

The Enabling Act of march 1933. It would give him the right to pass laws for the next 4 years without having to obtain the support of the members of the Reichstag.

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14
Q

What was the problem with the Enabling Act?

A

Hitler needed to obtain the votes of 2/3 of Reichstag members, but he only had the support of half.

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15
Q

How did Hitler get more support in the Reichstag so he could pass an Enabling Act? Did it work?

A
  • Hitler ordered his SA to continue intimidating the opposition
  • the 81 Communists members of the Reichstag were expelled
  • atmosphere heavy with violence and threats

It worked: Enabling Act passed by 441 votes to 94. Hitler given the power to rule for 4 years without consulting the Reichstag

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16
Q

Possible questions on individual aspects of life in Germany

A
  • Propaganda
  • Jews
  • Dictatorship (threats, violence)
  • Women and children
  • Economy
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17
Q

“Hitler made Germany a happier place during 1933-45”. Agree/Disagree

OR

“Hitler improved the lives of German people”. Do you agree?

A

A - German people got jobs, bettered their lives
A - Germany got respect (master race) - improved Army (building new ships); how far they came from T of V; successes in WW2
A - economy picked up - stronger government
A - country morale improved
A - saved from communists
A - ‘strength through joy’ (rewards)
A - 1936 olympics - Germans won more gold medals

D - not for Jews, Communists, homosexuals, black people, minorities (persecuted) - gassed
D - if you were a political opponent. Ie communist, socialist
D - WW2 (bombing of Germany) - millions killed
D - violent education - Hitler youth

18
Q

What were the overall thoughts during these years:

  1. 1933-4
  2. 1935-42
  3. 1941
  4. 1942-45
A
  1. Doubts (violence)
  2. Support and morale
  3. Germany invaded Russia - what happened??
  4. Russians pushed Germans back and Americans joined war, bombs from two sides (double bombing by Americans and British)

People’s opinions on Hitler didn’t go negative until later on in the war

19
Q

How did Hitler eliminate political opposition?

A
  • He used the powers of the enabling act to outlaw all other parties and made Germany a one-party state
  • May 1933, Hitler broke into trade union officers all over the country and arrested thousands of trade union officials
  • Union were banned and all workers became part of the German Labour Front
20
Q

What was the Night of the Long Knives

A

Where an estimated 400 of Hitler’s potential SA rivals were murdered (including Röhm) by the SS

21
Q

Why was Röhm murdered by the SS in the Night of the Long Knives?

A
  • The German army saw the SA as a rival - the army would not support Hitler unless the SA was disbanded
  • Some members of the SA looked to Hitler to follow a socialist programme of reform - Hitler was opposed to this since he knew he would lose the support of the wealthy industrialists
  • Röhm was a threat to Hitler’s dominance of the Nazi party as Röhm was the SA leader
22
Q

How did Hitler achieve his dictatorship?

A

The Reichstag fire

The enabling act

The SA

23
Q

What was the Gestapo?

A

Hitlers Secret State Police

24
Q

How did Hitler use the Gestapo and the SS to strengthen his rule?

A
  • they used terror attacks to intimidate, arrest and kill any possible opponents
  • enemies of the Nazis, such as Liberals, socialists and Communists were often arrested and sent to concentration camps without trial
25
Q

What examples of propaganda and censorship were used by Hitler?

A
  • All newspapers censored by the government and allowed to print only stories favourable to the Nazis
  • Radio controlled by the Government
  • Nazi’s took control of the film industry. German films of the 1930’s showed great German heroes defeating their enemies. Cartoons portrayed Jews as weak and devious.
26
Q

How did Hitler control education and youth groups?

A
  • school textbooks re-written in support of Nazi ideas and history
  • children taught that the Aryan race were superior to others
  • outside school, parents encouraged to allow children to join youth groups organised by Nazis (Hitler Youth and German Girls’ League)
27
Q

How did Hitler control the Churches?

A

Took over many protestant churches in Germany under the “Reich Church”.
Many protestants accepted this bc they were Nazi supporters, even though many Christian elements were not allowed

28
Q

Why didn’t everyone agree with Hitlers policies?

A
  • by the late 1930’s, for many Germans the benefits of Hitlers rule were being outweighed by the Nazis brutality - especially after the Kristallnacht of Nov 1938
  • many Germans moved from opposition by words to opposition by actions when the war started
29
Q

What did people do if they didn’t agree with Hitlers policies?

A
  • moved from the Reich church and started their own

- Dietrich Bonhoeffer preached that Nazism was anti-Christian. He was executed in 1945

30
Q

Who were the White Rose group? What did they do?

A
  • small group of students from Munich University, led by Hans Scholl and his sister Sophie
  • target audience was educated middle-class
  • non-violently they called for active-opposition against Nazis and Hitlers regime through posters and graffiti
  • sophie and Hans tortured and beheaded by Gestapo in February 1943
31
Q

How did Hitler come to power?

A
  • Wall Street Crash (economic problems) - 6M unemployed = Hitlers promises
  • Failures of current government (Brüning cut benefits) - not enough Reichstag deputies to pass laws
  • Role of the SA - violence
  • The elections
  • Propaganda + Goebbels

4 x 8 lines each

32
Q

What was a famous bomb plot against Hitler?

A

The Stauffenberg Plot, 1944

33
Q

How did Hitler fulfil his promise to remove unemployment? In what year?

A

He achieved this through these policies:

  • Labour Service Corps. From 1935, it was compulsory for all men between 18-25 to serve in the Corpse for 6 months
  • unemployed men used to build government-funded roads, motorways, houses, hospitals and schools
  • from 1935, all men had to do military service for 2 years
34
Q

Hitler’s social policy

A
  • workers not allowed to leave their jobs without permission from government
  • strikes made illegal and opposition was rare
  • ‘strength through joy’ - cheap holidays, entertainment, Volkswagen (‘people’s car’)
35
Q

Effects of Nazi Policy on women’s lives

A
  • Hitler said women’s role was ‘children, kitchen, Church’
  • in the Law of the Reduction of Unemployment, there were financial incentives for women to stay at home
  • Nazi’s wanted to encourage as many births as possible of ‘racially pure’ children. There were financial incentives for this.
  • campaigns for how they dressed - hair in plaits or bun, no make up
36
Q

When did the Nazis organise a boycott of Jews? What did this entail?

A

1933

  • Boycott of all Jewish businesses, doctors, dentists etc
  • Jewish shops marked with star of David and the word ‘Jude’
37
Q

When were the Nuremberg Laws introduced? What were some of the laws?

A

Introduced in 1935:

  • Jews could no longer be German citizens
  • marriages between Jews and Aryans were forbidden
  • Jews had to wear a yellow star on their clothing
38
Q

Explain what happened in the Kristallnacht. What year?

A
  • 9th and 10th November, 1938
  • thousands of German businesses were attacked
  • 200 synagogues burnt down
  • ‘The Night of the Broken Glass’
39
Q

What event occurred that led to the Kristallnacht

A
  • early November 1938, a Polish Jew - Herschel - shot a German diplomat in Paris
  • Hitler then ordered an immediate attack on Jews and their property in Germany
40
Q

How many Jews died by 1945?

A

About 6 million

41
Q

Explain the bombing on Germany

A
  • began as early as 1940 (10,000 tons dropped) by Britain
  • by 1942, they were becoming frequent - evacuation of children which was helped by Hitler Youth
  • by 1943, 43 German cities being bombed frequently (120,000 tons)
  • Goebbels tried to keep up morale - posters of new lethal weapons about to be launched on the enemy
  • 2 million homes destroyed, many homeless
42
Q

What was the bombing on Germany by Britain like compared to the bombing on Britain by Germany?

A

1940
Germany - 10,000 tons
Britain - 36,844 tons

1945
Germany - 500,000 tons
Britain - 761 tons

History - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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