Hitler's rise to Chancellorship Flashcards
What was the Great Depression (1929)?
- As a result of the Wall Street Crash in October, American investments and loans that Germany depended upon dried up which was followed by demands of repayment for those short term loans
- The crisis caused a decline in the price of food and raw materials and industrialised nations reduced their imports
- As demand for exports collapsed, world trade slumped
What effect did the Great Depression have on unemployment in Germany?
-1.8 million were unemployed in 1929 but by 1932, 5.6 million were unemployed
What effect did the Great Depression have on the value of German exports?
-Exports value fell by 55% from 1929-32
What were Germany’s existing financial problems?
- Farmers were already in debt
- The balance of trade was in the red
What was the Nazi’s membership numbers between 1928-9?
-In 1928 the Nazis were at 108,000 members but by 1929 they were at 130,000
What was the National Opposition?
- After the Young Plan of 1929, a national committee was formed by Hugenberg, the leader of the DNVP, to fight it and the ‘lie’ of war guilt
- Whilst the National Opposition didn’t gain the 21 million votes they needed in their referendum, they’d stirred nationalistic feeling and Nazism gained a real national standing
How many votes did the Nazi party get in the 1930 election?
-They gained 107 seats and 18.3% of the vote making them the second largest party in the Reichstag
What were the key factors to the Nazi Party’s success in the 1930 election?
- Since 1928, Nazi leaders directed propaganda at rural, middle-class and lower/middle-class audiences, the Nazi’s success was at the expense of the DNVP, DVP and the DDP
- Nazis had attracted new voters, the turnout went from 75.6% to 82%
What was the July 1932 election campaign like?
- Street violence took hold of large cities and 86 people died as a result in July alone
- The bloodshed gave Papen and Schleicher the opportunity to abolish the most powerful regional state government in Germany: Prussia (coalition of SPD + ZP)
How many votes did the Nazis get in the 1932 election?
- 230 seats
- 37.3% of the vote
- 1st largest party in the Reichstag
What were some causes of the Nazis’ success in the 1932 election?
- Inspired new voters (turnout went from 82%-84%)
- Some disgruntled workers turned to the NSDAP from the SDP
Why did Papen get forced to resign in 1932?
- Papen was humiliated when in September the Reichstag passed a vote of ‘no confidence’ in his government
- Papen dissolved he Reichstag and called for another election in which the Nazis lost votes, yet Hitler stood firm: he would not join the government except as chancellor
- Hindenburg was forced to demand Papen’s resignation
What were Schleicher’s failures?
- Schleicher was appointed Chancellor in December 1932
- He aimed to gain support from the left and attract the more socialist wing of the Nazi party
- Trade unions remained suspicious of his motives and broke off negotiations
- Strasser (head of socialist wing) ended up isolated and forced to resign as the party’s loyalty lay with Hitler
What was the ‘backstairs intrigue’?
- Papen had not forgiven Schleicher and was determined to regain political office
- A meeting in January 1933 agreed that Hitler should lead a Nazi-Nationalist coalition with Papen as vice chancellor
- Hindenburg agreed to withdraw his support for Schleicher and appoint Hitler as Chancellor
What was the Munich Putsch?
-Hitler grossly underestimated the amount of public support for a putsch and showed a real lack of planning
-Nonetheless, in November 1923, Hitler stormed into Kahr’s meeting in at one of Munich’s Beer Halls and attempted to take over
-The next day Hitler marched into Munich with 2,000 SA men but they were easily crushed by the Bavarian
police
-14 Nazis were killed and Hitler was arrested