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National 5 History > Hitler & Nazi Germany > Flashcards

Hitler & Nazi Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

Home Front in Germany 1918

A

America joined and helped allies

Germany lost 1 million soldiers

Bulgaria, Turkey & Austria-Hungary had surrendered

Coal in short supply, many power cuts

Food was scarce, people scavenging for scraps

British navy blockaded German ports to stop food getting to Germany

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2
Q

Mutiny - Why Did it Happen

A

As German navy chiefs ordered warships in Kiel to go to battle in North Sea against British but it would put 80,000 lives at risk

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3
Q

Reasons the Kaiser Abdicated

A

Lost support of military leaders

Public signed petitions for his removal

No peace deal if he remained in charge

Sailors mutinated

Workers & soldiers councils set up in Britain

All ports taken over by sailors, Germany was chaotic

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4
Q

The Spartacists Revolt - Events Leading up To

A

German army betrayed by politicians, cowards and government

New government said to be criminals as they signed the peace treaty named November Criminals

Peaceful protest in January 1919 the Freikorps killed 700 people

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5
Q

The Spartacists Revolt - Main Events

A

January 1919, peaceful demonstration attended by 100,000 people in Berlin which turned violent

Spartacist leaders didn’t know what to do and workers became tired and went home

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were arrested and taken to Freikorps headquarters for investigation

Both were executed

Around 700 men and women were captured and executed by the Freikorps

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6
Q

Weimar Republic - Fundamental Laws

A

All men and women over age of 20 could vote

German citizens guaranteed freedom of speech and religion

All German citizens were equal

German citizens would elect the President and Reichstag

All communication via post or telephone is private

Nobody can be punished for an an act unless it was illegal under law at the time the act was committed

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7
Q

Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution

A

Allowed the President, under certain circumstances, to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Reichstag

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8
Q

Strengths of the Weimar Government

A

Voting system is fair

Democratic

Fundamental laws - freedom guaranteed

President elected by the people

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9
Q

Weaknesses of the Weimar Government

A

Voting system allowed extreme parties to gain representation

Never a clear winner in elections - public unhappy

Germans never got who they voted for

Stabbed Germany in the back by signing Treaty of Versailles

German people didn’t like new politicians

Printed more money that became worthless and the Germans blamed the Weimar government

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10
Q

Hyperinflation

A

German government printed more money leading to prices increasing and money becoming worthless

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11
Q

Impact Hyperinflation had on Germans

A

All life saving became worthless

Workers wages increased rapidly

People queued for food

People started burning their money in order to keep warm

Couldn’t afford anything

People froze to death as they couldn’t afford heating

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12
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

A

Alsace and Lorraine returned to France

Army reduced to 100,000 men

No air force

Wartime warships melted down

Forced to pay 6.6 billion in reparations

War guilt clause

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13
Q

The Munich Putsch

A

A beer hall in Munich

Gustav von Kahr, General Otto von Lossow and Colonel von Siesser met to try and overthrow the government

Hitler arrived as he thought these men could help him succeed but they didn’t want him involved

Hitler & 600 supporters arrived and Hitler fired two shots

The men said they would support Hitler before leaving and calling the authorities

3000 Nazis marched behind Hitler and Luddendorf but were blocked by armed police

Hitler escaped but was later caught and made to stand trial

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14
Q

Golden Age of Weimar

A

Gustav Stresemann was Chancellor of Germany for 3 months and during this time he brought hyperinflation to an end

Called off passive resistance of German workers in Ruhr meaning production of goods could restart and the government could stop printing money to pay striking workers

Promised to start paying reparations again

Persuaded France & Belgium to end occupation of Ruhr by 1925

This angered Germans as they thought it showed signs of weakness from the Weimar

Introduced a new currency called the Rentenmark, stabilised prices throughout Germany

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15
Q

Gustav Stresemann 1924-29

A
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16
Q

Hitler’s Path to Chancellor

A

Discontent with Weimar
- People unhappy as gov not dealing with economic problems.

Role of Hitler
- Offered short and simple messages. Offered to solve problems.

Nazi Policies
- Offered something for everyone

Death of Stresemann
- Competent leader who got Germany out of hyperinflation.

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17
Q

Reichstag Fire

A

Reichstag building burned down

Communist Van der Lubbe admitted to starting the fire

Beheaded

Hitler blamed communists so they lost supporters

Expelled communists from parliament

Granted this as an act of terror, people supported the Nazis as they were against communism

Used article 48 to censor newspapers and spy on letters and phonecalls

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18
Q

Nazi Government of 1930’s

A

One single leader - Adolf Hitler
- Complete power

Germans were “master race”
- Descended from Aryans, all other races inferior

Minorities were sub human
- Jews, slavs, disabled people, Roma, Sinti ect, racist policies

Lebensraum (living space)

  • Territorial expansion was needed for master race to grow
  • All inferior races must be removed

Self Sufficient

  • Germany doesn’t need exports
  • Only rely on German produced goods
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19
Q

The SS

A

Formed - April 1925

Powers - Police & military

Members - Must be racially pure, believed they were better than anyone else

Why this created fear - Loyal & obedient Nazis, hardened hearts to human suffering, carried out mass executions of prisoners

20
Q

Gestapo

A

Formed - April 1933

Informants - 150,000

Purpose - Report any anti-Nazi acts

Why this created fear - Had power to arrest people, violent and just looked like ordinary people but were actually spies

21
Q

The Church

A

Prisoners - Catholic youth league, Catholic priests

Why banning created fear - Massive organisation that is peaceful, no limits to who they targeted

22
Q

Concentration Camps

A

First Established - March 1933

Prisoners - Political opponents, gay people, Jews, criminals outspoken critics of the Nazis

Why this created fear - People knew about the mass murders

23
Q

Propaganda/Censorship

A

Purpose - Brain wash people to idolise Hitler

Examples - Control media & arts, load speakers & radios, simple slogans

Why this created fear - Anti-Nazi newspapers were destroyed, books were burned, didn’t know what was happening outside

24
Q

Persecution of Jewish People

A

SA prevented citizens entering Jewish shops

Jewish civil servants, lawyers & teachers fired

Relationships between Germans and Jews made illlegal

Jews couldn’t be doctors, forced to carry identity cards

Jewish children banned from school, denied an education

Had to wear Star of David so they could be identified

25
Q

Treatment of Minority Groups

A

Jehovahs Witnesses

  • Didn’t accept Nazi regime & opposed to war
  • Sent to concentration camps but kept seperate from everyone else

Black People

  • Seen as sub human & a threat to Aryan race
  • Not allowed to go to uni, sterilised so they couldn’t have kids

Gay People

  • Couldn’t contribute to Aryan race
  • They were arrested, law against them and sent to concentration camps

Disabled People

  • Not measured up to “master race” seen as useless
  • Murdered, taken to killing centres, bodies burned in ovens
26
Q

Why There Wasn’t Much Opposition

A

People were afraid of being killed by them

People didn’t want to speak out because of Gestapo

People were very threatened by them because of their power

27
Q

Why There Wasn’t Much Opposition Within the Party

A

Members knew if they spoke out against Hitler then they would be killed like his best friend

28
Q

Edelweiss Pirates

A

Young men & women aged 14-18

Disagreed with Hitler Youth

Trusted each other

Attacked hiking & camping groups in the countryside

29
Q

The Swing Kids

A

Teenagers who loved jazz, swing & blues music

Nazism banned the “black music”

Wore English & American clothes

Accepted Jewish people

30
Q

White Rose Group

A

Printed leaflets attacking slaughter of Jewish people

31
Q

Communists

A

Opposed Nazi regime

Put out of parliament as they were a threat

32
Q

Resistance From Adults

A

Some groups resisted where communism had been strong

Wanted to destroy Nazi control & faced ruthless attacks

33
Q

What Happened to Those Who Resisted

A

Captured & tortured

Sent to concentration camps & killed

Hanged

Caught & executed

34
Q

Methods Used by the Church to Oppose Nazis

A

Pope issued anti Hitler message

Niemoller formed confessional church opposing Hitler’s church

Protestant pastor linked to an assassination attempt

Opposed euthanasia programmes

Didn’t agree with discrimination

35
Q

Reich Labour Service

A

Men aged 16-25 got jobs in public work schemes such as digging drains in farms, planting trees & building schools & hospitals

1935 - became compulsory to join if unemployed

Men lived in camps, had to wear military uniform & were only given pocket money as a wage

36
Q

German Labour Front

A

Nazi trade unions

Protecting workers - given wages and security of work

Couldn’t be sacked on the spot

Benefitted from leisure programmes

To get benefits you had to be loyal to Nazi state

37
Q

Strength Through Joy

A

Leisure activities - plays, concerts, holidays

Workers promised cars

Cruise liners were built - over 180,000 people went on these

38
Q

Nazi Control Over Youth

A

Young people not allowed in bars

Boys raised as soldiers

Girls raised as wives

Music banned

Had to follow certain appearance

No cigarettes

39
Q

Education

A

History

  • Taught that Jews were the reason for Germany’s defeat in WW1 & to glorify Germany
  • This was to show Germany as a dominant power and isolate Jews by blaming them for Germany’s hardships post war

Biology

  • Taught that Aryan Germans were scientifically superior to any other race
  • This was to show they were a superior race & should be in control of all other races due to being genetically healthier & fitter

Chemistry

  • Taught to develop knowledge of chemical warfare & explosives
  • This was to show that Germany was ready for war & above all other countries when it came to military tech

PE

  • To have regular exercise & create culture of competition
  • This was to show that Germans were fittest & healthiest race
40
Q

Youth Movements

A

Boys 10-14
- German Young People

Girls 10-14
- League of Young Girls

Boys 14-18
- Hitler Youth

Girls 14-18
- League of German Girls

41
Q

Life for Youths

A

Brainwashed

Looked up to Hitler

Given a role to play

Marches

Taught Germans were superior & Jews were inferior

Fighting & part of military

42
Q

What Boys Focused On

A

Military techniques

Knowledge of Nazism

Practicing with weapons

Cross country hikes & runs

Pressured to join Hitler Youth

43
Q

What Girls Focused On

A

Motherhood

Lots of children

To take care of their body & bear as many children as they could

Be loyal to Hitler

To be a good wife

The Mother’s Cross

44
Q

Role of Women - Appearance

A

Wear plain clothes

Flat shoes

Hair in bun or plaits

No makeup, trousers or short skirts

No hair dye

No smoking in public

45
Q

Role of Women - Employment

A

Trained to be housewives

Law for Reduction of Unemployment
- Given financial incentives to stay at home

Took away women’s civil service jobs

Barred women from being judges

Not allowed to do jury service

Put pressure on single women to give men their jobs

46
Q

Role of Women - The 3 C’s

A

Children
- Women should have as many as possible

Church
- Only social thing they could do

Cooking
- So they could feed their family

47
Q

Nuremberg Rallies

A

Half a million people attending, Nazi ideas being listened to

Life better under Hitler

Foreign visitors impressed & intimidated

Shows a tolerant society

Highlights they are ready for war

Hitler’s speeches highly effective

National 5 History (3 decks)

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