History Unit Test Review Flashcards
1
Q
Who was born in Germany in 1892 and became the most famous fighter pilot of World War I?
A
Manfred von Richthofen
Known as the Red Baron, he was credited with shooting down 80 enemy aircraft.
2
Q
Who was the first Canadian-born commander of the Canadian Corps?
A
Sir Arthur Currie
He led Canadian troops at Vimy Ridge and played a key role in the Hundred Days Offensive.
3
Q
Who was the last emperor of Russia and was overthrown in 1917?
A
Tsar Nicholas II
His reign saw major unrest and revolution, and he was executed in 1918.
4
Q
Who became emperor of Germany in 1888 and was known for militaristic policies?
A
Kaiser Wilhelm II
He abdicated in 1918 and his country became a republic after he left.
5
Q
Who was one of the top fighter aces of World War I, credited with 72 aerial victories?
A
Billy Bishop
He received the Victoria Cross for bravery and helped develop the RCAF after the war.
6
Q
Who was known for leading British forces in major battles during World War I?
A
Douglas Haig
His leadership in the Battle of the Somme was controversial due to high casualty rates.
7
Q
Who was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914, triggering World War I?
A
Franz Ferdinand
His assassination is often seen as the start of the war.
8
Q
Who was the Prime Minister of Canada during World War I?
A
Robert Borden
He introduced conscription and worked to give Canada more independence from Britain.
9
Q
Who served as Canada’s Minister of Militia during World War I?
A
Sam Hughes
He promoted the use of the Ross Rifle, which was disliked by many soldiers.
10
Q
Who wrote one of the most famous war poems, ‘In Flanders Fields’?
A
John McCrae
He was a doctor and soldier during World War I and served as a medical officer on the Western Front.
11
Q
What term was used in Canada for immigrants from enemy countries during World War I?
A
Enemy Aliens
Many labeled as such were interned in camps and faced discrimination.
12
Q
Who was the King of the United Kingdom during World War I?
A
King George V
He changed his family name to Windsor to sound more British.
13
Q
Who was a Russian mystic with significant influence in the royal court?
A
Rasputin
He was assassinated in 1916 in a dramatic series of events.
14
Q
What was the primary military force representing Canada in World War I?
A
Canadian Expeditionary Force
It played a key role in battles such as Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele.
15
Q
What is the term for the area between two opposing armies filled with barbed wire?
A
No Man’s Land
It is extremely dangerous to cross and is one of the most feared places in World War I.
16
Q
Where was a heavily fortified position taken by Canadian troops in April 1917?
A
Vimy Ridge
This battle became a defining moment for Canada.
17
Q
What battle lasted from July to November 1916 and was one of the deadliest of World War I?
A
The Somme
The first day of this battle was the worst in British military history.
18
Q
What was the site of the first major battle for Canadian troops, where poison gas was used?
A
Second Battle of Ypres
This battle helped establish Canada’s wartime reputation.
19
Q
What battle in Belgium was seen as a symbol of war’s futility?
A
Passchendaele
Canadians captured it but at a great cost of over 275,000 Allied soldiers killed or wounded.
20
Q
What was the main theatre of war during World War I, stretching from Belgium to Switzerland?
A
The Western Front
It was dominated by trench warfare.
21
Q
What theatre of World War I saw battles between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia?
A
The Eastern Front
This area experienced more mobile fighting compared to the Western Front.
22
Q
What major empire collapsed in 1918 after fighting against the Allies?
A
Austria-Hungary
Its lands were divided into multiple new countries after the war.
23
Q
What term describes the most dangerous place for soldiers in a war where direct combat occurs?
A
Front Lines
Life here is characterized by constant bombardment and combat.
24
Q
What event collapsed in 1918?
A
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary’s defeat in World War I led to its disintegration.
25
What happened to my lands after I collapsed?
Divided into multiple new countries
## Footnote
The collapse of empires often leads to the creation of new nations.
26
What did my defeat help reshape?
Europe
## Footnote
The aftermath of World War I significantly changed the political landscape of Europe.
27
What are my initials?
A.-H.
28
What is considered the most dangerous place for soldiers in a war?
Front Lines
## Footnote
The front lines are where direct combat occurs.
29
What is where direct combat happens?
Front Lines
30
Where do soldiers live while fighting?
Trenches
## Footnote
Trenches were a common feature of World War I combat.
31
What is constantly bombarded by artillery?
Front Lines
32
What types of attacks are common on the front lines?
Machine guns, snipers, and gas attacks
## Footnote
These tactics were prevalent during World War I.
33
What is the condition of life on the front lines?
Cold, muddy, and terrifying
## Footnote
Life in the trenches was harsh and challenging.
34
What is the order often heard on the front lines?
'Over the top'
## Footnote
This order indicated soldiers should leave their trenches and advance.
35
What are my initials?
F. L.
36
What was Germany's role in World War I?
One of the Central Powers
## Footnote
The Central Powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
37
Who led my military?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
38
What did I have that was one of the strongest in Europe?
Armies
39
What type of vessels did I use to attack enemy ships?
U-boats
## Footnote
U-boats were German submarines used during World War I.
40
What was my strategy to avoid a two-front war?
The Schlieffen Plan
41
Who did I fight against?
Britain, France, and Russia
42
What happened to me after my defeat?
My empire collapsed
43
What did the Treaty of Versailles force me to take?
The blame
## Footnote
The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.
44
What did I become in 1919?
A republic
45
What are my initials?
G. E.
46
What was a major empire in Europe before World War I?
Austria-Hungary
47
Who was my heir to the throne assassinated in 1914?
Franz Ferdinand
## Footnote
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a catalyst for World War I.
48
Who did my leaders blame for the assassination?
Serbia
49
What was my membership status in World War I?
Member of the Central Powers
50
What characterized my empire?
Made up of many different ethnic groups
51
On how many fronts did I fight during the war?
Multiple fronts
52
What happened to my empire by the end of the war?
Collapsed
53
What happened to my territory after the war?
Divided into several new countries
54
What is my current status?
No longer exist today as a single nation
55
What is not on the battlefield but still important in war?
The Home Front
56
What involves civilians supporting the war effort?
The Home Front
57
What roles did women take on in the workforce during this time?
New roles
## Footnote
Women stepped into jobs traditionally held by men who were away fighting.
58
What was common on the home front?
Rationing and propaganda
59
What were sold to fund the military?
War bonds
60
What increased production of weapons and supplies?
Factories
61
What was encouraged to enlist soldiers?
Enlistment in the army
62
What did governments control regarding the home front?
Information
63
What did the war change in social and economic structures?
The Home Front
64
What are my initials?
H. F.
65
What was the site of two key battles in World War I?
The Marne
66
When did the first battle at the Marne take place?
1914
67
When did the second battle at the Marne occur?
1918
68
What did the first battle at the Marne stop?
The German advance into France
69
What was the second battle part of?
The final Allied offensives
70
Where is the Marne located?
Near Paris, France
71
What did the first battle at the Marne lead to?
The beginning of trench warfare
72
What helped turn the tide of the war in favor of the Allies?
The second battle at the Marne
73
What was famously used to transport French troops to the battlefield?
Taxi cabs
74
What are my initials?
T. M.
75
What was the largest naval battle of World War I?
Jutland
76
When did the Battle of Jutland take place?
1916
77
Which navies fought in the Battle of Jutland?
The British Royal Navy and the German Navy
78
Where did the Battle of Jutland happen?
In the North Sea
79
What types of ships fought in the Battle of Jutland?
Battleships and cruisers
80
What was the outcome of the Battle of Jutland?
Inconclusive, with no clear winner
81
What did the German fleet do after the Battle of Jutland?
Retreated
82
What was the only major naval clash of the war?
The Battle of Jutland
83
What fleets fought in the Battle of Jutland?
The British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet
84
What are my initials?
J.
85
What is a famous palace in France?
Versailles
86
What was Versailles originally built as?
A hunting lodge for French royalty
87
Who made Versailles their main residence?
King Louis XIV
88
What is Versailles known for?
Extravagant gardens and Hall of Mirrors
89
What significant event took place at Versailles after World War I?
Signing of a peace treaty
90
What treaty officially ended the war between Germany and the Allies?
The Treaty of Versailles
91
What did the treaty impose on Germany?
Harsh penalties
92
What is Versailles often associated with?
The Treaty of Versailles
93
What are my initials?
V.
94
What was my status at the start of World War I?
Neutral country
95
What did Germany do to me in August 1914?
Invaded
96
What did my resistance do to Germany's advance?
Delayed
97
What did Britain do after my invasion?
Declared war on Germany
98
What city in me was the site of multiple battles?
Ypres
99
What did my people suffer under?
Brutal German occupation
100
What was part of the Schlieffen Plan involving my territory?
German advance through me
101
What did my destruction become a symbol of?
German aggression
102
What happened to me in 1918?
Liberated by the Allies
103
What are my initials?
B.
104
What was my status at the start of World War I?
Neutral
105
What did I supply to the Allies before entering the war?
Weapons and materials
106
What triggered my entry into the war?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
107
What event angered my people?
Sinking of the Lusitania
108
What proposed an alliance against me?
The Zimmerman Telegram
109
When did I declare war on Germany?
April 1917
110
What were my soldiers called?
Doughboys
111
What major role did I play in?
The Hundred Days Offensive
112
What did my president propose for peace?
The Fourteen Points
113
What are my initials?
U. S. A.
114
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
A military strategy
## Footnote
It aimed to avoid fighting on two fronts.
115
When was the Schlieffen Plan developed?
Before World War I
116
What was the goal of the Schlieffen Plan?
Avoid fighting on two fronts
117
What did the Schlieffen Plan involve?
Attacking France first
118
Through which country did the Schlieffen Plan plan to invade?
Belgium
119
What did the Schlieffen Plan underestimate?
Belgian resistance
120
What did the failure of the Schlieffen Plan lead to?
Trench warfare
121
Who created the Schlieffen Plan?
A German general
122
What are my initials?
S. P.
123
What is militarism?
A political and military ideology
## Footnote
It emphasizes the importance of a strong military.
124
What does militarism encourage?
Constant preparedness for war
125
What role did militarism play in World War I?
Major role in causing the war
126
What did militarism lead to among European nations?
An arms race
127
What often results from militarism?
High military spending
128
Where was the influence of militarism especially strong?
Germany
129
What does militarism glorify?
War as a means of solving problems
130
What did militarism make more likely in the early 20th century?
Conflicts
131
What are my initials?
M.
132
What is nationalism?
An ideology that promotes loyalty to a nation
## Footnote
It emphasizes national identity and unity.
133
What does nationalism often lead to?
Rivalry between countries
134
What was nationalism a major cause of?
World War I
135
Where was nationalism especially strong?
The Balkans
136
What did nationalism encourage countries to seek?
Independence
137
What did nationalism contribute to?
Tensions between European powers
138
What was a factor in the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
Nationalism
139
What did nationalism help shape throughout the 20th century?
World history
140
What are my initials?
N.
141
What was the Black Hand?
A secret nationalist organization
## Footnote
It was based in Serbia and supported Slavic independence.
142
What did the Black Hand oppose?
Austro-Hungarian rule
143
What did the Black Hand train?
Assassins
144
Who was a member of the Black Hand?
Gavrilo Princip
145
What event did the Black Hand's assassination plot succeed in?
Killing Franz Ferdinand
146
What are my initials?
B. H.
147
What is artillery?
A type of weapon
## Footnote
It fires explosive shells over long distances.
148
What was heavily used in World War I?
Artillery
149
What did artillery cause more of than any other weapon?
Casualties
150
What was artillery used for before attacks?
Bombardments
151
What types of weapons does artillery include?
Cannons and howitzers
152
What did artillery's impact shape?
Trench warfare
153
What did artillery make difficult?
Crossing No Man's Land
154
What lasted for days before battles?
Shelling
155
What are my initials?
A.
156
What was the Ross Rifle?
A weapon used by Canadian soldiers
## Footnote
It was designed for accuracy in target shooting.
157
Where was the Ross Rifle manufactured?
Canada
158
What problems did the Ross Rifle have?
Jamming in muddy conditions
159
What did many soldiers replace the Ross Rifle with?
British Lee-Enfield rifles
160
What led to a controversy in the Canadian military?
The failure of the Ross Rifle
161
Who strongly supported the Ross Rifle?
Sam Hughes
162
What happened to the Ross Rifle over time?
Removed from front-line service
163
What is an example of poor military planning?
The Ross Rifle
164
What are my initials?
R. R.
165
What is trench foot?
A common medical condition among soldiers
## Footnote
It was caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions.
166
Where did trench foot often occur?
In trenches
167
What did trench foot lead to?
Swelling and numbness in the feet
168
What was required in severe cases of trench foot?
Amputation
169
What did soldiers try to prevent trench foot by doing?
Changing socks frequently
170
When was trench foot especially common?
In the early years of trench warfare
171
What was part of the harsh conditions of life on the front lines?
Trench foot
172
What became less common as trench conditions improved?
Trench foot
173
What are my initials?
T. F.
174
What are U-boats?
A type of military vessel
## Footnote
They were heavily used by Germany during World War I.
175
What do U-boats operate under?
Water
176
What were U-boats used for?
Attacking enemy ships
177
What warfare were U-boats involved in?
Unrestricted submarine warfare
178
What role did U-boats play in bringing the United States into the war?
Sinking of the Lusitania
179
What was feared by Allied merchant ships?
U-boats
180
What does U-boat stand for?
Undersea boat
181
What are my initials?
U. B.
182
What was trench warfare?
The dominant form of combat on the Western Front
## Footnote
It involved soldiers digging deep defensive positions.
183
What did trench warfare lead to?
A stalemate between opposing sides
184
What characterized the conditions of trench warfare?
Muddy and unsanitary
185
What made advances slow and costly?
Trench warfare
186
What defended trench positions?
Machine guns and barbed wire
187
What was often used in battles of trench warfare?
Poison gas
188
What was a dangerous strategy used in trench warfare?
'Going over the top'
189
What did trench warfare contribute to?
Massive casualties in World War I
190
What are my initials?
T. W.
191
What is a creeping barrage?
A military tactic
## Footnote
It was used to support infantry advances.
192
What did a creeping barrage involve?
Artillery fire moving forward in stages
193
What followed closely behind a creeping barrage?
Soldiers
194
Where was the creeping barrage first successfully used?
Vimy Ridge
195
What did the creeping barrage require?
Careful timing and coordination
196
What was the goal of a creeping barrage?
Suppress enemy defenders
197
What did a creeping barrage help break?
Trench stalemates
198
What did a creeping barrage increase?
Effectiveness of attacking troops
199
What are my initials?
C. B.
200
What is total war?
A concept of warfare
## Footnote
It involves mobilizing an entire nation's resources for war.
201
What does total war impact?
Both soldiers and civilians
202
What do governments use total war to justify?
Extreme measures
203
What does total war involve?
Rationing, propaganda, and conscription
204
What do civilians work in under total war?
War industries
205
What does total war make no distinction between?
Military and economic targets
206
What was a key strategy in both World Wars?
Total war
207
What takes priority over all else under total war?
The war effort
208
What was the War Measures Act?
A law passed in Canada
## Footnote
It gave the government emergency powers during wartime.
209
What did the War Measures Act allow?
Arrest and detention of individuals without trial
210
What did the War Measures Act control?
The economy and media
211
What did the War Measures Act lead to?
Internment of 'enemy aliens'
212
What was controversial about the War Measures Act?
Limiting civil liberties
213
When was the War Measures Act used?
During both World Wars
214
What did the War Measures Act expand?
Power of the federal government
215
What replaced the War Measures Act?
The Emergencies Act in 1988
216
What are my initials?
W. M. A.
217
What is conscription?
A government policy for military recruitment
## Footnote
It forces citizens to serve in the armed forces.
218
What was highly controversial in Canada during World War I?
Conscription
219
What introduced conscription?
The 1917 Military Service Act
220
What did conscription lead to?
Protests, especially in Quebec
221
What did some people see conscription as?
Necessary for victory
222
What did others view conscription as?
Unfair and undemocratic
223
What did conscription cause in Canada?
A major political crisis
224
What did conscription divide?
English and French Canadians
225
What are my initials?
C.
226
What is propaganda?
A tool used to influence public opinion
## Footnote
It was heavily used during World War I.
227
What did governments use propaganda for during World War I?
Encouraged support for the war effort
228
What were common forms of propaganda?
Posters and films
229
What was propaganda used to recruit?
Soldiers
230
How did propaganda portray the enemy?
In a negative light
231
What did propaganda motivate citizens to buy?
War bonds
232
What did propaganda control?
Information
233
What did propaganda shape during wartime?
National morale
234
What are my initials?
P.
235
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
A treaty signed in 1919
## Footnote
It officially ended World War I.
236
What did the Treaty of Versailles place on Germany?
Full blame for the war
237
What did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?
Heavy reparations
238
What did the Treaty of Versailles lead to for Germany?
Territorial losses
239
What organization did the Treaty of Versailles create?
The League of Nations
240
How did many Germans view the Treaty of Versailles?
As unfair
241
What did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to?
Tensions leading to World War II
242
What are my initials?
T. O. V.
243
What was the League of Nations?
An organization created after World War I
## Footnote
It was meant to prevent future wars.
244
What did the League of Nations encourage?
Diplomacy over conflict
245
What country never joined the League of Nations?
The United States
246
What did the League of Nations lack?
Military power to enforce decisions
247
What did the League of Nations have difficulty stopping?
Aggression from Germany and Italy
248
What replaced the League of Nations after World War II?
The United Nations
249
What was the first global peace organization?
The League of Nations
250
What are my initials?
L. O. N.
251
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
A secret diplomatic message
## Footnote
It was sent by Germany to Mexico.
252
Who intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram?
The British
253
What did the Zimmerman Telegram propose?
A military alliance between Germany and Mexico
254
What did the Zimmerman Telegram promise Mexico?
Return of lost territories
255
What did the revelation of the Zimmerman Telegram do?
Angered the United States
256
What was a key reason the U.S. entered World War I?
The Zimmerman Telegram
257
What year was the Zimmerman Telegram sent?
1917
258
What did the Zimmerman Telegram show?
Germany’s attempt to expand the war
259
What are my initials?
Z. T.
260
What is poison gas?
A new weapon introduced in World War I
## Footnote
It was used to weaken enemy soldiers.
261
What did poison gas cause?
Blindness, burns, and respiratory damage
262
What were the most common forms of poison gas?
Chlorine and mustard gas
263
Who first used poison gas at Ypres?
Germany
264
What was developed to protect soldiers from poison gas?
Gas masks
265
What was considered inhumane and led to bans in later wars?
Poison gas
266
What did poison gas change?
The nature of trench warfare
267
What made the use of poison gas unpredictable?
Wind direction
268
What are my initials?
P. G.
269
What was the Halifax Explosion?
An event that happened in a Canadian city during World War I
## Footnote
It was caused by a collision between two ships.
270
What caused the Halifax Explosion?
A collision between two ships
271
What was one of the ships carrying during the Halifax Explosion?
Explosives
272
When did the Halifax Explosion occur?
December 1917
273
What were the consequences of the Halifax Explosion?
Significant damage and casualties
274
What was developed to protect soldiers from gas attacks during World War I?
Gas masks
## Footnote
Gas masks were a critical innovation to combat the use of chemical weapons.
275
What was considered inhumane and led to bans in later wars?
Chemical weapons
## Footnote
The use of chemical weapons was deemed unacceptable after World War I.
276
How did the use of gas change trench warfare?
It made it more unpredictable due to wind direction
## Footnote
Wind could change the direction of gas, affecting both attackers and defenders.
277
What event is referred to as the Halifax Explosion?
A catastrophic explosion in December 1917 in a Canadian city
## Footnote
The explosion resulted from a collision between two ships, one carrying explosives.
278
What was one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history?
The Halifax Explosion
## Footnote
Thousands were killed or injured, and much of the city was destroyed.
279
What financial instrument was used to raise money for the war effort?
Victory Bonds
## Footnote
These bonds were seen as a patriotic duty and helped finance military operations.
280
What act expanded voting rights for soldiers in Canada during World War I?
Military Voters Act
## Footnote
This act allowed soldiers overseas to vote and was part of a conscription plan.
281
What was the purpose of the Wartime Elections Act?
To change voting rules and increase support for conscription
## Footnote
It gave votes to female relatives of soldiers while disenfranchising certain immigrants.
282
What strategy protected merchant ships from U-boat attacks during World War I?
Naval Convoys
## Footnote
This involved groups of ships traveling together, escorted by warships.
283
What military tactic involved small groups of soldiers disrupting enemy defenses?
Trench Raids
## Footnote
These raids aimed to gather intelligence and were considered extremely dangerous.
284
What was the blockade imposed by the UK on Germany during World War I?
A naval strategy that cut off supplies to Germany
## Footnote
This blockade contributed to shortages and was one reason Germany surrendered.
285
What form of warfare became nearly obsolete due to trench warfare and machine guns?
Horseback Cavalry
## Footnote
Cavalry's role was reduced to reconnaissance as they suffered huge casualties.
286
What was a defining feature of World War I that led to years of bloody fighting?
Stalemate caused by trenches
## Footnote
The stalemate made large advances nearly impossible, particularly on the Western Front.
287
Who was the Lord of the Admiralty for Great Britain in World War I?
Winston Churchill
## Footnote
He later became Prime Minister during World War II.
288
Who was the U.S. President that led the country into World War I?
Woodrow Wilson
## Footnote
He proposed the League of Nations in his Fourteen Points.
289
Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering World War I?
Gavrilo Princip
## Footnote
He was a member of the Black Hand.
290
In which city did the assassination that started World War I take place?
Sarajevo
## Footnote
At that time, Sarajevo was the capital of Bosnia, part of Austria-Hungary.
291
What passenger ship was sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915?
The Lusitania
## Footnote
Its sinking helped push the U.S. closer to joining the war.
292
What was the secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance?
The Zimmerman Telegram
## Footnote
Its interception by the British was significant in bringing the U.S. into the war.
293
What chemical weapon caused blisters and blindness during World War I?
Mustard Gas
## Footnote
It was banned after the war due to its horrific effects.
294
What treaty ended Russia's involvement in World War I?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
## Footnote
This treaty allowed Germany to focus entirely on the Western Front.
295
What was the German offensive called that aimed to end WWI before U.S. troops arrived?
1918 Spring Offensive
## Footnote
It utilized fast-moving infiltration tactics to break enemy lines.
296
What was the Allied response to the 1918 Spring Offensive?
100 Days Offensive
## Footnote
It consisted of a string of Allied victories pushing the Germans back.
297
What new type of battleship made earlier warships obsolete?
Dreadnoughts
## Footnote
Their introduction led to a naval arms race.
298
What was the peace proposal made by Woodrow Wilson called?
Fourteen Points
## Footnote
It called for self-determination and the creation of the League of Nations.
299
Which empire was one of the Central Powers during World War I?
Ottoman Empire
## Footnote
Its collapse post-war led to the creation of modern Turkey.
300
Which country switched sides in 1915 after being part of the Triple Alliance?
Italy
## Footnote
Italy fought against Austria-Hungary in the Isonzo battles.
301
What was Germany's last major defensive position on the Western Front?
Hindenburg Line
## Footnote
It was breached during the Hundred Days Offensive.
302
What type of airship was used by Germany for reconnaissance in World War I?
Zeppelin
## Footnote
Zeppelins were employed for bombing raids over Britain.
303
What does abdication mean?
When a ruler gives up their throne
## Footnote
Both the German Kaiser and the Russian Tsar abdicated near the end of World War I.
304
What term describes making excessive profits during wartime?
War Profiteering
## Footnote
Some individuals and businesses exploited war production for wealth.
305
What was the government policy to limit civilian consumption of goods during the war?
Rationing
## Footnote
This policy ensured enough resources for soldiers.
306
What psychological condition was caused by exposure to combat stress?
Shell Shock
## Footnote
Soldiers experienced symptoms like tremors and nightmares.
307
Who was the German general associated with modifying the Schlieffen Plan?
Moltke
## Footnote
His name is linked to both World War I and a notable military family.
