History Unit Test Flashcards
2 main alliances in Europe
Triple Entene- Russia, Britian, France
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Main background causes of the war
Militarism:
- World powers believed having strong armies was the key to solving global problems
- they thought being ready for war wold help them keep peace “No one will attack a powerful nation”
- This thinking lead to an army race, where countries started building hughe militaries and become afraid of each others growing power
Eg: Germany started building up its navy to challenge Britain. Britain saw this as a threat and made more ships to stay on top
Main background causes of the war
Alliances
- Are formed when two or more countries band together against a common threat
Triple Entene
- Russia
- Britian
- France
Triple Alliance
-Germany
-Austria-Hungary
- Italy
Main background causes of the war
Imperialism
- Taking over land to gain more power and control
- Countries wanted colonies to grow their empires after industrialization
- Nations completed for resources and global influences
- Eg: Germany completed with England for more power, land, global influences, etc.
Main background causes of the war
Nationlism
- Strong loyalty to your country or people
- Based on shared history or culture
- People willing to fight to protect their country’s honor
- Led to countries going to war to defend or promote their homeland
- Eg: Serbia creates a terrorist group called the Black Hands
The spark
- The heir to austria-hungary was assianated
- His name was Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Happened in Sarajevo Bonia
- Assasination occured by a Serbian soldier from the black hand group (Serbian terroist group)
- Cons…Austria-Hungray blamed Serbia and declared war, setting off a chain reaction
Steps to war: The Schlieffen Plan
- Developed by the German, Alfred won Schlieffen
- Expected Russia to be slow getting troops ready
- Germany would mislead the French about the main point of attack so the French would send their troops to the wrong location
- The German army would sweep through neutral Belgium and attack Frnace from the north and capture Paris
- The plan was estimated to take 6 weeks
Why the plan didn’t work
- The plan was based on on old treaty guarenteeing that Beligium would remain neutral
- Germany assumed that Britain would not object to the invasion of Belgium
- The plan fell apart because it was too ambitious and things didn’t go as smoothly as Germany hoped
Cause and Consequence
- Germany army turned south too early
- Met by French and Britian troops
- Stopped at the Marine River
- Trapped on the western front
- Britian defended Belgium neutrality and declared war on Germany
- Canada was automatically at war (Part of British Empire)
- Both sides dug 4 years of trench warfare began
Canada’s reaction to outbreak of WW1
- Canada was expecting an economic depression
- They thought that the war will be over soon
- They rushed to sign up, believing that they were setting out on a great adventure
Robert Bonden
- Prime Minister of Canada
- Led Canada through WW1
- Strong supporter of Canada helping Britain in the war
Trench Warfares
- Trenches are in a zigzag shape; 3 lines, front, support reserves
- No main lands = deadly area between emenies
- Life = boring + terrifying; constant danger
- Condtions = Cold, wet, muddy, full or rats
- Diseases = Trench foot, lice, infections, sicknesses everywhere
- Injuries = Shaprel wounds, gas attacks, amutations
- Mental health = Shell shock (PTSD) from nonstop bombing
- Super Unsanitary; dead bodies often nearby
- Communication Trenches = link all parts of the system
- Gas masks needed after chlorine/mustard gas attacks
- Poor food; soldiers are canned rations (Beef, biscuits, etc)
War Measures Act
- Gave the Canadian government full power during the war, and control
- Could arrest, censor news, control economy, and the property
- Used to jail enemy aliens, and shut down newspapers
- Mean’t to protect this country, allowed innocent people to be targeted/abused based on background
Conscription Crisis
- Canada running out of volunteers
- Conscription = forced military service
- English Canadians strongly opposed it
- Caused protests, riots, deep division in Canada
- Make French and english Canadians distrust each other
Canadian Battle : Vimy Ridge
- All 4 Canadian divisions fought together for the 1st time
- Canadians captured a strong German position
- Used smart planning + teamwork (creeping barrage)
- Big victory - Canadians were proud
- Significance: Seems a moment Canada became its own strong nation
Canadian Battle : Somme
- Extremtly high casualties (24,000 + Canadians hurt/killed)
- Canadians fought at Courcelette, where tanks were used for the first time
- Showed the deadlist and failure of trenchwarfare
- Significance : Huge losses, but helped build Canadian strength and reputation
Canadian Battle: Ypres
- First major Battle for Canadian troops
- Faced first German poison gas attacks (Chlroine-gas)
- Canadians stayed and fought even while others retreated
- Canadians gained respect as tough, brave fighters
- Significance: First time Canada proved itself in war
Canadian Battle: Passchendaele
- Fought in deep mud + rain ; brutal conditions
- Gained only a few men, but lost nearly 16,000 Canadian soldiers
- Canadians managed to capture the ruined village
- SIgnificance: Showed Canadians courage and determination even in awful conditions
Sam hughes
- Canada’s Minister of Milltia (In charge of the army) at the start of the war
- Set up training camps and helped Canada quickly raise an army
- Pushed Canada- made gear, like the Ross Rifle (Which jammed in Battle)
- Criticized for bad equipment and corruption in military contracts
- Was fired for mismanagement
War in the air
- Planes used for spying, then fighting (Dogfights)
- Air Aces (Like Billy Bishop, Red Barron) became war hearos
- Planes dropped bombs, took photos, and fought other planes
- Super dangerous, pilots have short life spans (Parachutes weren’t invented then)
New technology of war
- New technology was created
- New weapons caused many deaths during ww1
Vickers Machine Gun-
- needed 4-6 soldiers to use
Fired 400-600 bulled per min
- Barbed wire used to guide enemies into it’s line of fire
- Very deadly and hard to escape once in range
Role of Woman
- Took on mens jobs: Factories, farms, offices
- Served as nurses or volunteered for Red Cross
- Helped win right to vote (Wartime elections act)
- After war, some lost jobs, but Gained respect and rights
Wartime elections act
- Gave rights to vote to woman with family in war
- Took vote away from many immigrants (enemeny aliens)
- Helped Bordeu win the 1917 elections
- Seen as unfair and pushed woman’s right forward
End of war impact on world and Canada
- Canada lost many soldiers
- Country Gained more independence
- War caused debt, trauma, and change at home
- War Gained more rights
- Canada became more respected globally
- The league of nations were formed to keep peace
The treaty of Versailles
- Blamed Germany for the war
- Canada signed it separately = step towards independence
- Treaty madeGermany angry and poor
- Leauge of nations were created to keep peace and avoid future wars
- Countries would work together to solve problems and avoid war
Minorities and enemy aliens
- Enemy aliens = People living in Canada who were from countries at war at the time (eg: Germany, Austria-HUngary)
- Seen as possible spies or threats
- Had to carry ID cards, some were valid In camps
- Faced racism and unfair treatment
- Some still joined the army to prove loyailty of Canada
