history unit 3 aos 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define tsarist autocracy

A

Autocracy is a political system whereby the ruler has complete political control, unlimited by a formal Constitution or parliament

the Russian Tsar is a autocratic unlimited monarch

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2
Q

Tsar nichloas’s strengths and weaknesses

A

+
Nicholas was a devoted family man he loved Russia and had a strong sense of duty he genuinely wanted to bring happiness into his country

  • Nicholas was out of touch with these people and knew very little about the reality of life in Russia
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3
Q

khodynka tragedy may 18th 1996

A
  • As part of the coronation celebrations Nicholas planned a present for the people of Russia
  • free banquet
  • As a part of the celebration there was a supposed giveaway of gifts to each person
  • 500,000 people were gathered at the khodynka field with 1800 police assembled to manage the crowds
  • When rumour spreader there was not enough gifts for everyone = catastrophic stampede in a panic to reach gift tables or to flee the scene 1389 people were trampled to death and another 1300 way injured
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4
Q

Four main pillars of the tsars autocracy

A
  1. The government
  2. the bureaucracy
  3. the police
  4. the church
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5
Q

Pillar of autocracy
the government

A

The official government system was made up of three bodies:
the Imperial council = to tsars personal advisors and answerable only to him
The cabinet of ministers= each of whom were given responsibility over a specific department
The Senate= transformed the Tsars ideas into state laws

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6
Q

Pillar of autocracy
the bureaucracy

A

Every government requires a civil service to put the official policies into practice

System of officials and administrators that manage a country

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7
Q

Pillar of autocracy
the police

A

Two groups
okhrana = the size secret police who protected the interests of the state their roles include surveillance of suspected enemies of tsarism such as socialist agitators or anarchist

Cossacks
Maintains law and order among the people on average there was one police officer for every 3850 peasants this meant that oppressive measures had to be introduced to keep masses under control
e.g. savage fighting on horseback

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8
Q

Pillar of autocracy
the church

A

Orthodox Church = The traditional Russian church that had supported and benefited from the tsar rule

Play a critical role in legitimising the tsars autocratic powers it was claimed that the authority of tsarism originated directly from God

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9
Q

The ruling class in Russia

A

The tsar and the rest of the royal family together with members of the government the ruling class made up of the population 0.5%

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10
Q

upper class in Russia

A

12% of the population
hereditary landowning
nobles wealthy merchants
church leaders
leaders in the bureaucracy
the higher ranks within the army

this class was unified by its total protection from the harsh reality of Russian life

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11
Q

Middle class in Russia

A

Lack of unity or common function small scale manufacturers
factory managers
technical specialists
1.5% population

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12
Q

Industrial working-class proletariat

A

4% of population

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13
Q

Peasants

A

Estimated 82 million peasants who produced over half of the nations income dependent on working the land which they either owned or rented

Severe famine began in 1891 and over 350,000 peasants died from starvation and disease during this famine

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14
Q

Sergi witte industrial reforms

A

He aimed to modernise Russias industry in order to improve Russia’s military strength by:
attracting foreign capital to invest in Russian industry
dramatically expanding the railway systems

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15
Q

Results of wittes industrial forms

A

Growth between 1890 and 1900 was remarkable
production of iron and steel rose from 9 to 76,000,000 poods per year

coal output tripled

cotton cloth production increased by 2/3

major cities increased in size

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16
Q

1890 Saint Petersburg population
1910 Saint Petersburg population

A

1033600
to
1905600

Increased by 872,000

17
Q

Ideology

A

Set of beliefs or ideas that characterises a particular revolutionary movement

18
Q

Marxism

A

The devotion to and practice of the Communist ideology of Karl Marx

19
Q

Communism

A

System of economic and social organisation in which a industry, capital, land and other means of production are owned and controlled by a community as a whole

20
Q

Leninism

A

The theory of communism was primarily propose for industrialised countries like Germany France and England rather than our agrarian based Russia

21
Q

trans siberian railway

A

constructed by witte and opened in 1905 travelled across the length of russia from moscow to vladivostok.

major benefit for trade, the transport of goods and troop movements

22
Q

Social Democratic workers party

A

Revolutionaries party founded by plekhanov in 1998 on Marxist principles

23
Q

bolsheviks

A

10000 members
Believed that they could bypass capitalist stage and move straight to socialist society
Membership for dictated workers only and decisions made by leaders alone

24
Q

Mensheviks

A

Believed that capitalist stage was necessary before evolving into a socialist society
membership open all workers and decisions made after open debate and majority vote
mensheviks were closely monitored but the tsar as a major revolutionary threat

25
Q

Socialist revolutionary party

A

Most popular Marxist revolutionary party in Russia because it represented the interests of the peasants

26
Q

kadets

A

Conservative revolutionary group that played an important role in the first two are in 1906 and in the provisional government in 1917

27
Q

october manifesto

A

Was a document produced by the Tsar in 1905 promising to grant an elected duma in return for an end to the general strike that had paralyse the economy

28
Q

What were the obstacles to revolution

A

Police repression = orhkrana dispersing opponents through social control and policies
division = leaders often had disagreements, weakened power
cohesion = the role of the revolutionaries was to convince people that there was a better alternative to tsarism
isolation = cultural diversity in efficiency of communication investigation and propaganda
concession = reforms

29
Q

putilov steel works

A

economic distress drove workers to action
the sacking of 5 men from the putilov steel workers led the entire workforce to go on strike on jan 3rd 1905
led to massive 150,000 workers 382 factories

30
Q

father gapon decription of bloody sunday workers

A

“they grey faces seemed dead, or relieved only by eyes the blazing blazing with rage of desperate revolt”

31
Q

bloody sunday petition

A

largest strike in russia history 111,000 men women and child
tsar winter palace
marchers carried religious signs, sang hyms and carried portraits of the tsar and tsarina

32
Q

ultimate goal of bloody sunday

A

to hand in a peition signed by 135,000 people outlining their grievances and tried to outline them to the tsar

33
Q

bloody sunday death toll

A

200 killed 800 wounded