HISTORY UNIT 1 CANADA EAST Flashcards
What is Canada East known as in the present day?
Canada East is known as present-day Quebec.
What was the dominant linguistic group in Canada East during the 1800s?
The dominant linguistic group in Canada East during the 1800s was French speakers, known as Canadiens.
What was the primary religious affiliation of the majority of Canadiens in Canada East?
The majority of Canadiens in Canada East were Catholic.
Question: What was the general socio-economic status of most Canadiens in Canada East?
Most Canadiens in Canada East belonged to the working class.
Who primarily controlled the economies of Montréal and Québec City?
English businessmen primarily controlled the economies of Montréal and Québec City.
Question: What was the economic experience of the working class in Canada East despite prosperity for businesspeople?
Despite prosperity for many businesspeople, the working class in Canada East earned low wages and did not share in this prosperity.
What system of land ownership was in decline in Canada East during the mid-1800s?
The seigneurial system (tenant farming) was still in use but declining in Canada East.
Canada East was part of a larger political entity with Canada West; what was this entity called?
Canada East, along with Canada West, formed the Province of Canada.
What impact did the union with Canada West have on French-English relations?
The union of Canada East with Canada West led to French-English tensions.
What were the main economic resources of Canada East?
The main economic resources of Canada East included agriculture (farming and commercial farms), the lumber industry, land ownership and rental, manufacturing (especially clothing), and business and commerce.
Who were the seigneurs in Canada East?
Seigneurs were wealthy landowners in Canada East who rented out smaller plots of land to Canadien farmers.
Who were the Papineaus and what is their significance in Canada East?
The Papineaus were a family of wealthy seigneurs who owned a vast amount of land (178,000 acres); Louis-Joseph Papineau was an important politician and a key figure in the Lower Canada rebellions in 1837.
What was the main business of the Papineaus, besides land rental?
The Papineaus’ main business was sawmills, but they also profited from large commercial farms.
How did the division of land among children affect farming families in Canada East?
When parents in farming families died, land was divided among children, creating smaller plots over generations that could no longer support families.
What was a common alternative employment for Canadiens when farming became unsustainable?
When farming could no longer support families, Canadiens often sought jobs in the lumber industry.
Why did many Canadiens migrate from rural areas in Canada East?
Many Canadiens abandoned farms and migrated to cities or the United States due to poverty and inability to pay off debts without sufficient land or money.
What was the percentage of Canada East’s population living in cities by 1867?
By 1867, 20% of Canada East’s population lived in cities. (5% in 1800)
How much of Montreal’s entire manufacturing force was in the clothing industry, and how much percent of workers were women and children?
By 1871, approximately 20 percent of Montréal’s entire manufacturing workforce was in the clothing industry, with about 80 percent of workers being women and children.
Besides factories, where else did women in Canada East find employment?
Women in Canada East also worked in laundries, private homes (as servants), and mines, as well as in professions such as teaching.
What was the primary aim of the English politicians who dominated the government of the Province of Canada after the Act of Union in 1840?
Their primary aim was to assimilate the French population, promoting English customs and seeking to remove the French language.
What was the response of many Canadiens to the policy of assimilation?
Many Canadiens resisted this assimilation, leading to the growth of French nationalism.
What is French nationalism?
French nationalism is the belief in an independent nation for people with a shared language, land, history, and culture, with the goal of protecting French identity.
Which governors of the Province of Canada supported abandoning assimilation policies?
Governors such as Lord Metcalfe (1843–1845) and Lord Elgin (1847–1854) supported abandoning assimilation.
What did Lord Metcalfe believe was necessary for the Canadiens to be ruled “to their satisfaction”?
Lord Metcalfe believed that attempts to systematically change Canadiens into English must be abandoned for them to be ruled “to their satisfaction”.
Question: What was the role of the Catholic Church in promoting Canadien identity?
The Catholic Church played a significant role by speaking publicly about the importance of the French language, gaining political influence, encouraging Canadiens to be leaders of Catholicism, investing in new industries (railways, mining, and lumber) and founding Laval University in 1852 (first French-language University in BNA).
Which Catholic bishop is specifically mentioned as promoting Canadien nationalism?
Bishop Laflèche is specifically mentioned as promoting Canadien nationalism, emphasizing attachment to the French language and the Catholic faith.
What contributed to the rise of Canadien artists in the mid-1800s?
A growing French-speaking middle class in Canada East embraced Canadien literature and arts, contributing to the rise of Canadien artists.
Who were some key Canadien writers who made Canadien history and stories popular?
Writers such as François-Xavier Garneau and Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé made Canadien history and stories popular.
Who was Joseph Montferrand and why is he significant in Canadien culture?
Joseph Montferrand was a lumberjack famed for defending Canadiens, becoming a Canadien hero in stories, influencing artists, and symbolizing Canadien identity.
What was the lasting impact of the development of French nationalism in Canada East?
The development of French nationalism in this period has had a lasting impact, as seen in Quebec’s official language today being French.
Why did many Canadien farmers in Canada East lose their land to seigneurs like the Papineaus?
Many Canadien farmers rented or bought land from wealthy seigneurs like the Papineaus on credit and often could not make their regular payments or repay loans taken out for necessities, resulting in them having to give up their land or sell it back to the Papineaus for a fraction of the price paid.
Why did many families in British North America in the mid-1800s fall into debt?
Intense competition for work resulted in low wages, forcing families to borrow money to survive and leading to debt.
What did Patrice Lacombe’s novel The Ancestral Farm depict?
It depicts the Canadien migration as families moved to cities, hoping for a better life, often doubling the suburban population.
Who, historically, contributed significantly to the economy through unpaid work within households?
Historically, women contributed significantly to the economy through unpaid work within households, such as farming, cooking, and making clothing.
How did factory and mine owners take advantage of the large number of women trying to make a living?
Factory and mine owners in Canada East paid women less than men for the same work due to a large number of people seeking employment, allowing them to lower wages and exploit cheaper labor. (e.g mines like Bolton, Québec,)
By the 1860s, what proportion of the factory workforce in Montréal consisted of women and children?
By the 1860s, women and children made up over 30 percent of those working in factories in Montréal.
Between 1853 and 1859 in Québec, what was notable about the number of female teachers compared to male teachers?
Between 1853 and 1859 in Québec, female teachers consistently outnumbered male teachers, making up an average of 66% of the teaching workforce.
Why did the Papineaus oppose the abolition of the seigneurial system in 1854?
Because they viewed it as a destruction of their French heritage by the English.
What were some actions and goals of Catholic bishops and priests in British North America?
Catholic bishops and priests travelled to cities and rural communities, publicly spoke about the importance of the French language, gained political influence, and encouraged Canadiens to be leaders of Catholicism in the Americas
What were the names of the town and region of Quebec that were named after the Papineaus?
The town of Papineauville, the region called Papineau.
