History topics Flashcards
LEEUWENHOEK, ANTON VAN (1685):
invented the microscope, first microbiologist, fabric merchant, scrapped off the goo on people’s teeth, pond water, poop under the microscope
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
has 2 lenses and works much better, when you use a higher power, the picture was fuzzy
ERNST ABBE (1866):
discovered a drop of oil on the slide, the picture was clearer –> oil emersion
MEDIA:
food from microorganisms, one is a liquid (broth) and one is a solid (potato slices, gelatin) not all microorganisms would grow on a potato, and gelatin melts
FRAU HESSE (late 1800s):
important in biomedical history, knew about agar she used to make jelly
Agar (solidifying agent):
acted like gelatin, but does not melt
Robert Koch:
spoke about how there is no good food for microorganisms. Tried agar in the lab and it worked
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION:
the people believed there was a energy or force in nature that made things alive. This is where the Frankenstein story comes from
SOURCE OF LIFE:
Reproduction:
involves the creation of new life from existing life
Spontaneous generation:
people who believed in this felt that there was some type of energy that made things feel arrive. Life could revive spontaneously without a being.
EXAMPLES OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION:
Common beliefs:
if you took a piece of meat on a table, it would turn into maggots since its dead, if you didn’t bathe often, the sweat in your clothes would turn into lice and flees
Helmont (1652):
was the first person to recognize that chemical reactions took place in whole numbers, one substance and 2 of another is 1 product, wrote a chemical formula for spontaneous generation –> rags and wheat turned into mice in a shoe box
LOUIS PASTEUR (1895):
gooseneck flask experiment, put some broth/soup in a flask and boiled it but the flask had the opening, but if you boiled a bottle with soup in it with a cap, nothing would grow. The people who believed in SG, the cap kept the energy out they thought. If you left the cap off the people whole believed in SG, for a bottle of broth the energy would get in, but the people who believed in life, the bacteria from the air would fall in. There was no life energy that went through the tube, which showed that SG was not truthful with it.
FERMENTATION:
the making of a product
BACKGROUND of ferm:
humans have used fermentation for thousands of years until a hundred years ago they didn’t know what it was happening. Wine, yogurt are fermentation products. After science, they believed fermentation was real but was a chemical process (not true).
PASTEUR:
find out that there was yeast, microorganisms, that made the product and nota simple chemical reaction. This discovery was 100 years ago. He studied this because he wanted money from making the wine. If bacteria got into the grape juice, you got spoiled juice and you lost all your money and houses.
Pasteurization:
when you make the grape juice you heat it up, which will kill the bacteria and then you add some old wine with the yeast, and almost all the time you get wine
INFECTIOUS DISEASE:
people believed that disease was a punishment from God. If God did not like you, he would give you a disease. Until recently, people did not believe that infections were human nature.
HIPPOCRATES (ABOUT 460 BC):
lived around the time of Alexander the Great. He believed it was an act of nature, in which you could get rid of it. The idea did not go cowpox, and he was correct.
JOSEPH LISTER:
hospitals were very dangerous to go to, one of the reasons that was true was if you had an injury and wrapped it with a cloth, you got an infection and died. He was a Dr and decided that was the wrong way. He got the rag and dipped it in carbolic acid, and then he took that fabric and wrapped it around the injury which allowed the patient to live and not get an infection. He invented Listerine.
ROBERT KOCH (1881):
he is the first person to prove a microorganism caused a disease, he also discovered that all microorganisms were not the same and each one had their own characteristic. His main interest was in disease, in which killed people. People paid money to keep them from dying. Came up with a set of rules.
Koch’s postulates:
- In order to identify a microorganism, you have to see it in each case of the disease (when AIDS was first discovered, the scientists went through these set of rules). 2. You have to isolate it, to study it. 3. You have to reproduce the disease in animals. 4. You have to isolate it again from the organism and you will discover what microorganism causes that disease.
IMMUNOLOGY:
study of disease resistance
ANCIENT CHINESE:
they had diseases, but they noticed that in many cases if you caught a disease and survive, you dint get it again. They consequence of that was people were afraid of some diseases that they would go across while being very healthy town to visit someone with the bad disease to get a mild case of it and become stronger and never get it. But if you did it while unhealthy, you would die.
EDWARD JENNER (1790):
English Dr who noticed that when smallpox moved along the countryside, people would die. The small group pf people that did not get it was the group of small girls who milked the cows. He thought if you get cowpox you wont get smallpox. He took some of the puss from the sore and took a boy and pricked it on the skin so that he got cowpox. A few weeks later he did it with the small pox sore and he did not get it. He did it over and over since he was a Dr and no one got smallpox.
Cowpox and smallpox:
disease that cows get. Cows would get this diseases on their utters and it was not lethal. When someone milks the cow, their hands get infected. These girls got the sores on their hands and it didn’t kill them.
PASTEUR (1875):
became interested in this and was studied rabies. Wanted to make a vaccine and he would to it by giving it to rabbits. Vaccinated the boy and he never got rabies.
Rabies:
slow disease that takes many days.
VACCINES:
comes from Latin. Vacca, which is the origin word which is the roman/Latin word for cow. This was called vaccination because Jenner was taking the cow disease and infecting people.
Vaccination:
Cow-innation. Then people decided they wanted to use it for other diseases, which did not include cows, but kept the word.
Attenuation:
related to vaccination. Means “loss of ability to cause disease”. If the bacteria is grown in a dish it looses the ability to cause a disease, in which people cannot get sick
CHEMOTHERAPY:
the idea of using a chemical to treat a disease.
PARACELSUS (1400s):
he believed that there should be a remedy to cure diseases, in which he wanted mercury. He tried it with capsule, and he found a way to cure it with mercury and he was right, but it wasn’t that good so the patients hair and teeth would all fall out but still alive from the mercury poisoning. It proved that chemicals could cure diseases.
EHRLICH (1906):
working on the idea that chemicals could cure diseases and made up the name magic bullets. Found an arsenic compound.
Magic bullets:
refer to targeted treatments that specifically attack disease-causing microbes without harming the host’s cells.
Salvarsan (#606) :
arsenic compound that would cure a patient from syphilis and not being as toxic as mercury. First practice use of diseases.
ANTIBIOTICS IN CHEMOTHERAPY:
chemicals used by chemicals from one organisms that can kill another organism.
ALEXANDER FLEMING (ABOUT 1940):
first person to find the antibiotics, which was during WW2. the one he discovered was penicillin and became very famous.
Penicillin:
It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, making it highly effective against Gram-positive bacteria. As a “magic bullet,” penicillin exemplifies targeted therapy that specifically attacks pathogens without harming the host, marking the beginning of the antibiotic era.
VIROLOGY:
studies viruses and virus-like agents.
VIRUS:
Latin that means poison or venom, today we know that their very small
BEIJERINCK (1898):
first person to find out what a virus really was. He studied virus in tobacco, which was so tiny that would pass through a filter. If the microorganism will not pass through a filter it is a cell, if it does it is a virus.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV):
studied that bacteria has viruses.
TWORT (1915):
discovered bacteriophages, viruses that infect and destroy bacteria, marking a pivotal moment in virology. His work laid the foundation for understanding bacteriophages and their potential use in microbiology and medicine.
Bacteriophage:
is a virus that specifically infects and replicates within bacteria, often destroying its host in the process.
MICROBIAL GENETICS:
the study of disease contributed a lot to genetics
GRIFFITH (1927):
the major cause of human death was pneumonia. He studied it and found strange things that turned out to be a genetic phenomenon
Transformation:
Griffith took some dead bacteria with this capsule and he mixed the dead bacteria with live bacteria that couldn’t make the capsule (couldn’t make a disease). When he mixed it, the live bacteria could not make a capsule. Somehow the live bacteria that couldn’t make the capsule could now make one.
AVERY AND HOTCHKISS (DNA):
They found out that what caused the change was DNA. At this time no one knew DNA is the hereditary material. They were two main people to prove that DNA is where the genes were.
WATSON, CRICK AND WILKINS (1953):
because of Avery and Hotchkiss founding, these three discovered that DNA exists In helix structure. Elvis and DNA discovery had happened at the same time.
GENETIC ENGINEERING:
the artificial transfer of genes from one organism to another. Which means that human beings have control
