History Test II Flashcards
what spurred revolutionary ideas?
Enlightenment Ideas
How did enlightenment ideas cause the revolutions?
Enlightenment ideas encouraged
- equality for everyone (within reason)
- No monarchy, instead a republic
- right for people to participate in the government
who mainly wanted to participate in the government? Who did they not want to participate?
Middle class wanted participation
didn’t want anyone lower to participate.
What did the north american and French revolutions do to the monarchy?
they overthrew the monarchy
what other places held revolutions due to the American and French?
The carribean and central and South America
By when were the American colonies highly prosperous?
the 1700s
In 1750, who dominated colonial affairs?
Merchants and Plantation Owners
The American colonies merchants and plantation owners developed what?
A middle class
England’s King George III and the parliament decided to do what to the American colonies?
Tax them to help pay for the French and Indian War (7 years war)
Why did American colonists object to the taxation?
they objected because they weren’t a part of the parliament
What phrase did American colonists use pre-revolution?
No taxation without representation
When parliament said no to the colonies having a part, what happened in America?
Resistance which caused boycotts, petitions, and protests like the Boston tea party and the Boston massacre.
What happened overtime as British parliament continued to deny America participation?
Violence, which led to the first battles in 1775
Despite success, why did Britain not allow America to have participation?
They believed America was unworthy
Who were considered “enlightened”
Merchants and planters such as Jefferson, Franklin, Madison.
What did the DOI call for?
- Natural right for people to govern themselves (specifically referring to the middle class)
- Locke’s social contract, aside from property which changed to pursuit of happiness.
-voting rights (white, male, land-owners)
What are other key factors to America’s success?
- Britain fought from a distance, which made it hard to win.
- France aided America due to a hatred for Britain after losing the 7 years war, but bankrupt themselves
when was the DOI signed?
1783 through a treaty
How did America establish itself as a republic?
- Power in the hands of representatives of the people
- Bill of rights
what inspired the republic?
british constitutionalism and Rousseau.
What did the bill of rights do?
strove to protect individual liberties from government interference
How did the American revolution inspire others?
The republic became an attractive model to limit authority of powerful monarchs to some europeans.
What changing ideas lead to the changes in the French government?
- a growing resentment towards absolutism
- enlightenment ideas
- wanting a constitution
- Near bankruptcy due to insufficient monarchs.
What specific enlightenment idea did the French find most appealing?
Montesquieu’s checks and balances.
What did King Louis XVI create to satiate the growing resentment towards absolutism?
A temporary parliament called the estates general in 1788
What did King Louis XVI tell the Estates General to do and why?
he asks the nobles, clergy, and middle class to raise taxes so it wouldn’t look like he did it himself.
In response to being told to make taxes, what did the estates general do?
they made a deal with King Louis XVI to make themselves permanent, renaming themselves the National Assembly
Who began to lead the National Assembly?
The middle and lower middle class
What did the National Assembly create?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
the French bill of rights and had many similar ideas such as guaranteed equality
What did France become because of the growth of the middle class, the National Assembly, and the declaration of the rights of man and citizens?
a constitutional monarchy but still debated on who was allowed to participate.
in 1791, who began to resist the French Revolution?
monarchs, clergy, nobles, and aiding countries
What happened in 1792?
France went to war against European powers, with other countries fighting to end the rebellion.
Why did countries go to war to end the rebellion?
They were afraid revolutionary ideas would infect/spread to their countries.
Why was the 1792 war hard for the French during the French Revolution?
France was now fighting both an internal and external war.
Why was it called the Reign of Terror?
Because radicals believed that anyone opposing the revolution deserved to be executed, publicly executing over 40000 people as “enemies of the people”.
What was created to execute mass amounts of people publicly during the Reign of Terror?
The “enlightened” idea of a guillotine
What main figures were executed during the ROT?
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
What was created by radicals to execute “enemies”, who headed it?
The Committee of Public Safety lead by Robespierre.
Besides mass murder, what did the Committee of Public Safety create during the ROT?
The first army draft of over 800,000 soldiers.
What happened to Robespierre?
He was executed in 1794 by moderates who became the French government.
What is the French phrase for what Napoleon did?
a coup d’état - overthrew the government
What did Napoleon do to revolution ideas simultaneously and why?
Napoleon both betrayed and fulfilled the goals of the revolution.
betrayed- overthrew the government and became a dictator of sorts.
fulfilled- was “enlightened”
What of Napoleon’s ideals made him enlightened?
- religious toleration
- centralized government administration
- national tax
- legal code to keep equality.
How did Napoleon change France?
- his military created a vast empire
- he spread liberty, equality, and rights for some
- some embraced him (some did not)
What happened to Napoleon in 1812 and why was this significant?
He tried to invade Russia but failed, proving himself to not be as strong of a leader as he was previously perceived
What ended Napoleon’s power?
European powers united and defeated him in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, sending him in to exile.
What were humans like for 5-10k years?
Most people were agricultural workers
What shift changed how the majority of people worked?
Within 100yrs, 1760-1860, most of the population became Urban
How did the Urban shift effect the world?
it changed the nature and relationship of humans to the environment, revealing humanities ability to control and harm.
definition of industrial revolution
Revolution in production
What shifts happened due to the IR?
- Cottage industry became mass production
- a power shift occurred between human and animal to coal and steam, wind and water.
What were the key factors to the IR?
- influx of cheap rural labor
- raw materials from the Atlantic economy
- shipping and infrastructure
- coal and iron ore
- entrepreneurs
- industries: textile and consumer products
- living conditions
What industries emerged due to the IR?
Textile and consumer products
How did the IR change living?
Urbanization
What were the components of Urbanization that changed Europe?
- Increasing his of the middle class caused changes in class structure
- nobility declined causing a shift in the balance of power
- spread to the continent by 1820’s
What were the results of the IR?
- development of incredible wealth
- gap between haves and have nots
- visible poverty
What were the tensions of modernity in the 19th centrury?
The pull of progress vs. the tug of tradition
What challenged the 19th century order?
Protests and utopian futures
What effected the movements that challenged the 19th century?
Geography and local circumstances
What was the effect of the movements of the 19th century despite most being defeated?
- Voices to the views of the marginalized
- lasting effects which policed the ruling elites, encouraging a react to protest and a need for reform
Who accepted the French Revolution?
liberals
Why did liberals accept the French Revolution?
- political equality
- liberal documents like the Bill of Rights
- free trade and religious toleration
- push for these mostly from the middle class
Who were the conservatives of the French Revolution?
Monarchs, nobles, clergy
What happened to most of the gains of the French Rev?
They were pushed back once Napoleon was exiled
socialists
believed political equality was not enough and pushed for economic equality: the new working class
nationalism
the nation = the people
What pushed Nationalism?
Common language, culture, religion, and history
Who pushed nationalism?
Mostly the liberal middle class and some nobles and clergy
What main belief was encouraged by nationalism?
a single nation could protect their national identify against others who wished to conquer or control them
Did everyone in Europe reflect the national identity?
No, most of Europe’s boundaries DID NOT reflect the national identity creating a mosaic Europe.
socialism
hope for change for the working classes
What were the origins of socialism?
- the working/living conditions were laissez-faire (unchanged/ allowed to run their course)
- the large gap between the haves and have nots
- the visible poverty
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles create?
the communist manifesto (1848)
what was highlighted socially due to the Communist Manifesto
- class struggles an revolution
- aristocracy vs bourgeoisie (middle class), vs proletariat (working class)
What empires began decline over the 17th century?
the ottoman and Mughal
Who grew in power in Saudi Arabia due to the decline of the eastern empires?
Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhaab (1703-1792)
what did Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhaab do?
- religious revitalization movements to purify islamic culture
- attacked lax religious practices to return to a pure islam
What islamic belief was created to challenge the Ottomans?
Wahhabism
Once the Ottomans were defeated, what happened to Wahhabism?
It continued to grow
When did Qing China begin to decline?
The 1800s
What strengthened Chinese resistance towards Britain?
- Britain pushed for trade with China for their tea but china had little interest in their goods
- when the British pushed Opium, the impact it had on the Chinese people caused resistance
What effect did the Opium wars have on imperial china? (before and after)
before: China imported British goods but did not buy give anything in return: depleting their silver. Britain began smuggling Opium In hopes of a return in silver. The illegal imports, although equaling the trade between the two countries, caused Chinese struggle.
After: After a treaty, China opened their markets to the west starting “treaty ports”
Who led the radicals of the Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xuiquan (1813-1834)
Who was Hong Xuiquan?
a disappointed civil service examination candidate who, influenced by Christian teachings, had a series of visions and believed himself to be the son of God, the younger brother of Jesus Christ, sent to reform China
What allowed Hong Xuiquan to gain followers?
- charismatic leader
- believed in no alcohol, opium or sensual pleasure (much like American puritans)
What did Hong Xuiquan name his ideal dynasty?
“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” (Taiping Tianguo
When did Hong Xuiquan nearly defeat Qing China?
1864, but was defeated with western aid.
How many people died in the Taiping Rebellion?
20 million
(30x more than the US Civil War)
What started the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
Discontent between British East India Company who “ruled Mughal India, and the Indians themselves
Why were Indians upset with the BEIC?
they marginalized the Indian population and disrespected their practices.
Who won the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
The British brutally crushed it
What happened to India after the rebellion?
They became a colony ruled by Queen Victoria: Empress of India
How did Queen Victoria rule India?
- religious toleration
- allowed Indians to serve in the government (lowest levels)
results of the Indian Rebellion of 1857:
British transformed India in to the modern colonial state which allowed India to supply raw materials to Britain for the Industrial Revolution
What was the state of Germany and Italy before the unification?
They were a collection of independent states dominated by other larger states.
What caused the search for identity and protection for Germany and Italy?
- Socio-economic changes and the rise of nationalism
- industrialization and the middle class
What allowed for the separate unifications of Germany and Italy?
Realistic rulers that recognized the nationalistic feelings of the people.
How did German and Italian rulers use nationalism?
as a tool to increase their own power by holding wars against their larger neighbors and succeeding
What was accomplished by 1861 and 1871 for Germany and Italy?
Both nations had a “fake” democracy, with only upper middle class men and above having real voting rights.
When and what was the second IR?
1870, improvement upon the first IR
What allowed for the second IR?
New materials, technologies and practices
New materials in 2nd IR:
Petroleum and electricity
steel
synthetics and pharmaceuticals
new technologies in 2nd IR:
shipbuilding, building, and railways
New practices in 2nd IR:
Banks and Joint stock companies
What was improved due to the 2nd IR?
agriculture
How was agriculture improved after the second IR in 1870?
- more food which meant larger population
- emigration: external or internal
- population boom in cities
What was the world like by the 1900s
most similar to today
How were lives after the 2nd IR?
-less miserable
- better in the west than the east
- cycle of boom and bust
What were the “Mass” developments of 1850-1914
communication
transportation
politics
sporting
culture
mass communication 1850 - 1914
newspapers
mass transportation 1850 - 1914
commuting
mass politics 1850 - 1914
political parties/ suffrage (male)
mass sporting 1850 - 1914
events: professional sports
mass culture 1850 - 1914
homogenization of society
What was the newly reformed education like from 1850-1914
-free K-6
-trained as workers
-Western Europe/US
-more advanced countries developed universities
-academic specialization and research
-professionalization (with Germany leading)
What outcome did the 2nd IR have for Africa?
It lead to strong European competition for resources and power leaving most of Africa colonized by 1900
What did King Leopold II of Belgium hold in Africa? What happened to it?
He had most of the Congo called “Congo Free State”, however, when news got out of horrible abuse to the natives, he had it annexed from his colonies.
What did the Congo Free State lead to?
The Berlin Conference 1884
What was the Berlin conference 1884?
European “Rules” for exploiting Africa
- “Artificial” Boundaries ignored language and culture
Who was Menelik II of Ethiopia and what did he do?
He ruled Ethiopia and used Machiavellian (manipulative) tactics to make Europeans rivals against each other.
He defeated the Italians in the Battle of Adwa, 1896, maintaining his countries freedom.
(Libya also remained free)
How did Westerner’s view anyone else?
Through Orientalism: non-western peoples considered exotic and backwards, leading to increased superiority complexes for Europeans
What did Europeans hope Africa would be like for them economically?
The East India Company: compliance and large economic growth with large raw materials being imported and exported.
Why did African colonies not work out for Europe how they hoped?
Most places didn’t have the wanted goods Europe needed, they had less of a middle class and less materials
Why was colonial rule in Africa fragile?
ethnic tension
relied on African military and police force to keep the peace through: social mobility and the creation of a middle class to support the markets.
What happened to Japan in the 1850’s?
The Europeans/US forced the Tokugawa rulers to open their ports.
How did the people view Tokugawa’s lack of advancement?
-They were aware of western intervention in India/china.
-their failure to modernize had people viewing the Shogun as a failure.
Meiji Restoration
Era of restoring the emperor
When did the samurai overthrow the shogun
1868
what factors comprised the Meiji restoration?
- Samurai reformers overthrowing the shogun in 1868
- propaganda to restore Japan to mythic greatness
- emperor restored: but really their tool/symbol
- promoted Japanese “nationalism” to further promote superiority.
- modeled state on the west to compete and keep up with the powerful.
What did the Japanese do to educate and compete with the West?
They traveled to the west, adopted some culture, in order to modernize and later created a constitution
What developed in Japan in the 1800’s
economy
what happened in Japan in 1871
banned feudalism: feudalism locked serfs on land, now peasants become small land owners and move to cities as workers.
What did Japan create in the 1800s
- currency, postal system, taxes, civil service system
- large-scale corporations based on family ownership
how did the social system change in Japan?
The civil service system changed Japan from a system based on birth to a system based on potential
What did the modernization and economic growth of Japan lead to?
They could now afford “modern” army/navy or schools
How did politics change in Japan?
1889 had constitution of German model. 1% of the population was able to vote.
How did expansion aid Japan?
expansion lead to markets, raw materials, and assert national superiority.
How did Japan grow in power after modernization?
- win two wars vs larger states
- China 1894-95
- Russia 1904-5
- control Korea and Taiwan
