history test ids #1 Flashcards
Neolithic Revolution
Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement. Settlement led to an increasingly large population. (10,000 B.C.E)
Paleolithic Era
The hunting and gathering way of life preceding the Neolithic Era. It is distinguished by its use of stone tools.
Venus figurines
Figurines made from stone, antlers, mammoth tusks, and baked clay. The figurines depicted and exaggerated female form. (33,000 B.C.E)
Dreamtime
The Aboriginal’s complex outlook of the world that was expressed in stories, ceremonies, and rock art. It recounts how everything in nature came to be and man’s relationship with animals.
Clovis Culture
Widespread culture in the Americas. Clovis people camped by springs, rivers, and waterholes where food was plentiful and they hunted large mammals. (11,000 – 9,000 B.C.E.)
Megafaunal Extinction
Many large mammals became extinct. It is a result of hunting animals to extinction and the dry climate following the ice age.
Austronesian migrations
Waterborne migration that made use of canoes and navigational skills. Within 2,500 years the voyagers settled all habitable land.
the original affluent society
Hunters and gatherers worked fewer hours to meet their material needs compared to those in agricultural or industrial revolutions. They had more leisure time and required fewer things
Shamans
People who are skilled at dealing with the spiritual world.
Gobekli Tepe
An archaeological complex created by secondary Paleolithic people in south eastern Turkey.
Paleolithic settling down
A major transition into the agricultural way of life.
Fertile Crescent
One of the first to experience the agricultural revolution. Large variety of plants and animals capable for domestication.
Maize
Americas had maize/corn instead of cereal grains. First domesticated in Mexico by 4000 B.C.E-3000 B.C.E
Bantu migration
The movement of the people who spoke one of the 400 Bantu languages that began in now southern Nigeria and Cameroon (3,000 B.C.E). They moved east and south and took with them their agriculture, cattle-raising techniques and iron working skills.
Banpo
Agricultural settlement in northern China (4,000 B.C.E). Millet, pigs, and dogs had been domesticated and their diets were supplemented with wild plants, animals, and fish.
Secondary products revolution
Technological innovations that used domesticated animals. Agricultural peopled learned to milk their animals, to harvest wool, and to enrich the soil.
Pastoral societies
Nomadic groups that travelled with their animals based on seasonal grounds.
Catalhuyuk
A early agricultural village in southern Turkey. (7,400 B.C.E-6,000 B.C.E.). Though the population had several thousands of people they were able to have equality without a hierarchy.
Chiefdoms
An inherited position of power that introduced a distinct form of inequality. Instead of using force, chiefs had to use their generosity, ritual status, and personal charisma to persuade their followers.
Sumer
(3500 B.C.E – 3000 B.C.E) Located in south Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Gave rise to world’s earliest language
Egypt
Nile River Valley in northeastern Africa. Famous for its pharaohs and pyramids.
Nubia
A separate civilization in Egypt that is south of Nile. It took shape as a unified territorial state.
Norte Chico
Along the coast of Peru (3,000 B.C.E – 1,800 B.C.E.). Economy was based on a rich fishing industry with less economic specialization than Sumer.
Caral
The largest urban center in Norte Chico in the Supe River Valley
Indus valley civilization
Northwest region of South Asia. Little to no political hierarchy or centralized state
Central Asian/Oxus civilization
Located in Central Asia by the Amu Darya River valley. Economically based on irrigation agriculture and stock raising. Cultural style expressed in architecture, ceramics, burial techniques, and seals
Uruk
Largest city in Mesopotamia with a population of 50,000. An urban civilization where craftspeople worked as masons, copper workers, and weavers while bureaucrats helped administrate the city.
Epic of Gilgamesh
Mesopotamia’s ancient epic poem that describes the city of Uruk. (2,000 B.C.E)
Mohenjo Daro/Harappa
(2,000 B.C.E) Along the bank of the Indus river with a population of around 40,000 people. Streets were complex and artistic and had richly built homes with a sewage system running underneath.
Code of Hammurabi
(1775 B.C.E) Punishments were based on status in the Babylonian empire. The fine for a commoner striking a man of lower status was much less than the fine, 60 strokes with an oxtail whip, for striking a man who is superior.
Patriarchy
A social system where women are subordinate to men. Inequality, such as gender, shaped the character of the First Civilizations
Cuneiform
Wedge shaped symbols on clay tablets that representing objects, abstract ideas, sounds, and syllables. Created in Sumer, it is regarded as the world’s first language.
Xia Dynasty
First Chinese dynasty (2070 – 1600 B.C.E.)