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History (isaif) > History Test > Flashcards

History Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were aboriginals

A

People that inhabited a land first

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2
Q

What influenced the arrival of the aboriginals and what did they cross?

A

They were influenced through climate changes that caused glaciers to melt they crossed the Bering straight which is now underwater.

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3
Q

What is nomadic?

A

They moved from place to place and built different homes every time they moved

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4
Q

What is sedentary?

A

They stayed in one place and had one home

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5
Q

What were the 3 linguistic groups?

A

Inuit, Algonquin, Iroquoian

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6
Q

Where do the Inuits stay in America?

A

In the Arctic

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7
Q

Where did the Algonquins stay in America?

A

In the eastern subarctic

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8
Q

What did nomadic men and women do?

A

Men: hunted and fished
Women: gathered (roots, berries and seeds)

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9
Q

What did nomads live in? Winter and summer?

A

Wigwams in summer and Igloos in winter

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10
Q

Did nomads travel in big or small groups?

A

Small groups

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11
Q

Did the nomads have a simple or complex social structure?

A

Simple

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12
Q

What’s nuclear family?

A

Your immediate family (parents and kids)

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13
Q

What was the climate like for the Inuits in the arctic?

A

1) I‎t was harsh
2) the grounds were permanently frozen
3) there was every little vegetation

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14
Q

What did the nomadic diet consist of?

A

Mostly sea mammals, seal and walrus

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15
Q

How did the nomads transport and travel on water in summer?

A

Kayaks and umiaks

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16
Q

What was another theory about how people arrived in America earlier?

A

Coastal migration: people that traveled along the coast and left Asia and other people waited for the glaciers to melt.

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17
Q

What were some of the cases of the climate of the algonquins in the eastern subarctic?

A

1) less harsh than the arctic

2) Sparse forests, mostly coniferous trees

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18
Q

Where algonquins nomadic or sedentary?

A

Nomadic

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19
Q

What did the Algonquins hunt in winter and fall?

A

Caribou, Moose, deer

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20
Q

What did the Algonquins do in summer and spring but not in winter and fall?

A

They fished and gathered

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21
Q

Where did the Algonquins sleep?

A

In wigwams

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22
Q

Were the Algonquins a Patriarchal or a matriarchal society? And what are they?

A

They lived in a patriarchy which means the men were the leader and the heads of the family. The bravest ones were chiefs.

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23
Q

Where did the Iroquois live in America?

A

The northeast

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24
Q

What was the Iroquoian climate like?

A

I‎t was more moderate
Winters were harsh but summers were hot
Lots of vegetation in the summer

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25
Q

Where the Iroquoians nomadic or sendentary, based on the answer what was food like?

A

They were sedentary and lived off of mostly agriculture.
Corn squash and beans
The rest of food came from, hunting, fishing and gathering.

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26
Q

What did the Iroquois live in?

A

Longhouses

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27
Q

What did the Iroquoian men and women do?

A

The men hunted, fished, built longhouses and cleared forests
The women took care of the children, made clothing, prepared food and collected firewood.

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28
Q

Did the Iroquois live in a matriarchal or a patriarchal society? Which changed what?

A

They lived in a matricidal society. The men would go live with their wife’s family. The oldest woman ruled the longhouse. The women chose who the chief of the clan was (which man).

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29
Q

What were the 5 Great Lakes (use the letters to remind u)

A 
Huron
Ontario
Michigan
Erie
Superior
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30
Q

What type of social organization did the Iroquoians have?

A

Their villages were made up of hundreds and sometimes thousands of people so I‎t was more elaborate

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31
Q

What was a clan made up of?

A

Families from the same maternal ancestor.

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32
Q

What was a village made up of?

A

Several longhouses which were associate with a clan. There were several clans in the village

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33
Q

What was a nation made up of?

A

Several villages that shared the same language and culture

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34
Q

What is the Iroquoian chain?

A 
Several extended families (matrilineal) 
One longhouse 
Several longhouses make a clan
Several clans make a village
Several villages make a nation
Several nations make leagues or confederacies
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35
Q

What is a confederacy or league?

A

Certain Iroquoian nations joined together to form confederacies for security and defence and to promote their common interests.

36
Q

What material was traded to male weapons and tools?

A

Copper

37
Q

What did the aboriginals connect to as their way of life?

A

The natural environment around them. Their conception of the world was closely connected to nature.

38
Q

Who made the decisions in the Inuits tribe?

A

The entire group

39
Q

Who made decisions in the algonquin and the Iroquoian tribe?

A

They were led by chiefs and the decisions were made by a council.

40
Q

Who made daily decisions for Algonquins? Give 2 examples

A

The chief made daily decisions like: hunting expeditions and where tp make a camp.

41
Q

Who made the Algonquins more complex decisions? (Alliance, war)

A

The council

42
Q

Who were war chiefs and for which tribe?

A

They were the chief for wars and battles in the Iroquois village.

43
Q

What was the iroquians village council made of?

A

I‎t was made up of clans, civil chiefs, their assistants and some elders.

44
Q

What was a nation council?

A

They brought together the chiefs of all clans in the nation.

45
Q

Who told stories to the aboriginals? Why?

A

The elders told them stories because their experiences made their stories more credible.

46
Q

What was spirituality tied to?

A

The environment

47
Q

How did they communicate with the spirits?

A

Through rituals (births, deaths…)

48
Q

What 2 things was a hunters success based off of?

A

I‎t was based off of:

1) skill
2) the hunters respect for the animals spirit

49
Q

Why did they believe that the animal agreed to give itself to the hunter?

A

Because the hunter respected its species.

50
Q

What could shamans do?

A

Predict the future and interpret dreams more accurately

51
Q

What did their superior power do?

A

I‎t enables them to communicate with spirits.

52
Q

What did natives believe about their territory?

A

They believed I‎t wasn’t individual property an that I‎t belonged to the nation.

53
Q

What is gift giving? And what was I‎t followed by?

A

Natives has an obligation to give, return and receive gifts. They would follow that by a counter gift which would encourage the exchange and circulation of goods.

54
Q

What were gifts used for? And how?

A

Marriage proposals. Males would offer to females and when she ️ ️excepted she excepted the marriage proposal.

55
Q

Who would aboriginals trade and not trade with?

A

They would never trade with enemies. Only with nation that they were allied with.

56
Q

What were 3 Iroquoian confederations around 1500?

A

1- league of 5 nations (allied with the British)
2- Huron wendats (allied with the french)
3- Neutrals

57
Q

How would someone trade with far nations?

A

One nation gives to another which gives to another and so on.

58
Q

What was the purpose of trading and was wasn’t the purpose?

A

The purpose was to satisfy needs for to make money.

59
Q

What was the barder system?

A

Goods were traded for other goods but not for money

60
Q

Why was copper valuable?

A

I‎t was used to make tools, knives and arrowheads.

61
Q

What were 3 reasons for war?

A

1- I‎t gave young people an opportunity to show their strength and courage.
2- gave people social prestige and respect
3- they would capture prisoners from each other

62
Q

What happened to prisoners?

A

They were tortured, killed or forced to do labour. Som were adopted by their captives family. Ex: if a family lost a warrior they would adopt a prisoner.

63
Q

What did European Explorers do at the end of the 15th century?

A

They went to new territories and looked for a western route to Asia.

64
Q

What were the french reasons for exploration? Name 4

A
  1. To find a new route to Asia
  2. To create a colonial empire
  3. To get richer
  4. To convert people to Christianity
65
Q

Who was John Cabot and what did he discover and when?

A

He was a British explorer that discovered Newfoundland in 1497.

66
Q

How did they make paint and soap?

A

What blubber

67
Q

How did they heat homes?

A

They used the oil from whale blubber

68
Q

Why did natives come into contact with European fisherman?

A

To establish trade relations

69
Q

What did the french trade with natives?

A

Glass, beads, axes, knives, hammers, nails and clothing.

70
Q

What did they use instead of wood or pottery for pots?

A

Copper

71
Q

Who were middle men?

A

They were people in between that helped with the trading

72
Q

What’s the barder system?

A

It’s when one nation trades to another and so on. The middle men help transport the goods.

73
Q

How many voyages did Cartier take and when?

A

3 voyages.

1534,1535 and 1541

74
Q

Where was Cartier’s first voyage to?

A

Asia to find resources

75
Q

What were his 3 missions on his first voyage? And did he accomplish them?

A
  1. Find a route to Asia- didn’t accomplish
  2. Bring back gold and riches- didn’t accomplish
  3. Claim land for the king of France -accomplished
76
Q

Who was the chief of Quebec City (Stadacona)

A

Donnacona

77
Q

What did Cartier find on his second voyage?

A

The st Laurence river

78
Q

Where did he go in Canada on his second voyage?

A

Hochelaga (mtl)

Stadacona (QC city)

79
Q

What were his 2 missions on the second voyage?

A

How to survive the cold and how to combat scurvy

80
Q

What is scurvy? And what happens?

A

Lack of vitamin c. Teeth start to rot

81
Q

What was his mission on his third voyage?

A

To set up a colony

82
Q

Did the mission fail? If yes, what happened

A

Yes I‎t failed and franc lost interest in the colony for 70 years.

83
Q

What did First Nations trade for furs?

A

Cloths, cauldrons, alcohol and arms

84
Q

Who established an alliance in 1693

A

Tadoussac and montagnais.

85
Q

How did European fishers keep fish french?

A

They dried it and salted I‎t

86
Q

What were Cartier’s objectives in the settlement colony?

A
  1. To convert the aboriginals

2. To settle the colony

87
Q

What did Cartier think he found in cap rouge? What did I‎t end up being?

A

He thought he found gold but I‎t was pyrite. False gold.

History (isaif) (3 decks)

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