History Test Flashcards
Who were aboriginals
People that inhabited a land first
What influenced the arrival of the aboriginals and what did they cross?
They were influenced through climate changes that caused glaciers to melt they crossed the Bering straight which is now underwater.
What is nomadic?
They moved from place to place and built different homes every time they moved
What is sedentary?
They stayed in one place and had one home
What were the 3 linguistic groups?
Inuit, Algonquin, Iroquoian
Where do the Inuits stay in America?
In the Arctic
Where did the Algonquins stay in America?
In the eastern subarctic
What did nomadic men and women do?
Men: hunted and fished
Women: gathered (roots, berries and seeds)
What did nomads live in? Winter and summer?
Wigwams in summer and Igloos in winter
Did nomads travel in big or small groups?
Small groups
Did the nomads have a simple or complex social structure?
Simple
What’s nuclear family?
Your immediate family (parents and kids)
What was the climate like for the Inuits in the arctic?
1) It was harsh
2) the grounds were permanently frozen
3) there was every little vegetation
What did the nomadic diet consist of?
Mostly sea mammals, seal and walrus
How did the nomads transport and travel on water in summer?
Kayaks and umiaks
What was another theory about how people arrived in America earlier?
Coastal migration: people that traveled along the coast and left Asia and other people waited for the glaciers to melt.
What were some of the cases of the climate of the algonquins in the eastern subarctic?
1) less harsh than the arctic
2) Sparse forests, mostly coniferous trees
Where algonquins nomadic or sedentary?
Nomadic
What did the Algonquins hunt in winter and fall?
Caribou, Moose, deer
What did the Algonquins do in summer and spring but not in winter and fall?
They fished and gathered
Where did the Algonquins sleep?
In wigwams
Were the Algonquins a Patriarchal or a matriarchal society? And what are they?
They lived in a patriarchy which means the men were the leader and the heads of the family. The bravest ones were chiefs.
Where did the Iroquois live in America?
The northeast
What was the Iroquoian climate like?
It was more moderate
Winters were harsh but summers were hot
Lots of vegetation in the summer
Where the Iroquoians nomadic or sendentary, based on the answer what was food like?
They were sedentary and lived off of mostly agriculture.
Corn squash and beans
The rest of food came from, hunting, fishing and gathering.
What did the Iroquois live in?
Longhouses
What did the Iroquoian men and women do?
The men hunted, fished, built longhouses and cleared forests
The women took care of the children, made clothing, prepared food and collected firewood.
Did the Iroquois live in a matriarchal or a patriarchal society? Which changed what?
They lived in a matricidal society. The men would go live with their wife’s family. The oldest woman ruled the longhouse. The women chose who the chief of the clan was (which man).
What were the 5 Great Lakes (use the letters to remind u)
Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
What type of social organization did the Iroquoians have?
Their villages were made up of hundreds and sometimes thousands of people so It was more elaborate
What was a clan made up of?
Families from the same maternal ancestor.
What was a village made up of?
Several longhouses which were associate with a clan. There were several clans in the village
What was a nation made up of?
Several villages that shared the same language and culture
What is the Iroquoian chain?
Several extended families (matrilineal) One longhouse Several longhouses make a clan Several clans make a village Several villages make a nation Several nations make leagues or confederacies
What is a confederacy or league?
Certain Iroquoian nations joined together to form confederacies for security and defence and to promote their common interests.
What material was traded to male weapons and tools?
Copper
What did the aboriginals connect to as their way of life?
The natural environment around them. Their conception of the world was closely connected to nature.
Who made the decisions in the Inuits tribe?
The entire group
Who made decisions in the algonquin and the Iroquoian tribe?
They were led by chiefs and the decisions were made by a council.
Who made daily decisions for Algonquins? Give 2 examples
The chief made daily decisions like: hunting expeditions and where tp make a camp.
Who made the Algonquins more complex decisions? (Alliance, war)
The council
Who were war chiefs and for which tribe?
They were the chief for wars and battles in the Iroquois village.
What was the iroquians village council made of?
It was made up of clans, civil chiefs, their assistants and some elders.
What was a nation council?
They brought together the chiefs of all clans in the nation.
Who told stories to the aboriginals? Why?
The elders told them stories because their experiences made their stories more credible.
What was spirituality tied to?
The environment
How did they communicate with the spirits?
Through rituals (births, deaths…)
What 2 things was a hunters success based off of?
It was based off of:
1) skill
2) the hunters respect for the animals spirit
Why did they believe that the animal agreed to give itself to the hunter?
Because the hunter respected its species.
What could shamans do?
Predict the future and interpret dreams more accurately
What did their superior power do?
It enables them to communicate with spirits.
What did natives believe about their territory?
They believed It wasn’t individual property an that It belonged to the nation.
What is gift giving? And what was It followed by?
Natives has an obligation to give, return and receive gifts. They would follow that by a counter gift which would encourage the exchange and circulation of goods.
What were gifts used for? And how?
Marriage proposals. Males would offer to females and when she ️ ️excepted she excepted the marriage proposal.
Who would aboriginals trade and not trade with?
They would never trade with enemies. Only with nation that they were allied with.
What were 3 Iroquoian confederations around 1500?
1- league of 5 nations (allied with the British)
2- Huron wendats (allied with the french)
3- Neutrals
How would someone trade with far nations?
One nation gives to another which gives to another and so on.
What was the purpose of trading and was wasn’t the purpose?
The purpose was to satisfy needs for to make money.
What was the barder system?
Goods were traded for other goods but not for money
Why was copper valuable?
It was used to make tools, knives and arrowheads.
What were 3 reasons for war?
1- It gave young people an opportunity to show their strength and courage.
2- gave people social prestige and respect
3- they would capture prisoners from each other
What happened to prisoners?
They were tortured, killed or forced to do labour. Som were adopted by their captives family. Ex: if a family lost a warrior they would adopt a prisoner.
What did European Explorers do at the end of the 15th century?
They went to new territories and looked for a western route to Asia.
What were the french reasons for exploration? Name 4
- To find a new route to Asia
- To create a colonial empire
- To get richer
- To convert people to Christianity
Who was John Cabot and what did he discover and when?
He was a British explorer that discovered Newfoundland in 1497.
How did they make paint and soap?
What blubber
How did they heat homes?
They used the oil from whale blubber
Why did natives come into contact with European fisherman?
To establish trade relations
What did the french trade with natives?
Glass, beads, axes, knives, hammers, nails and clothing.
What did they use instead of wood or pottery for pots?
Copper
Who were middle men?
They were people in between that helped with the trading
What’s the barder system?
It’s when one nation trades to another and so on. The middle men help transport the goods.
How many voyages did Cartier take and when?
3 voyages.
1534,1535 and 1541
Where was Cartier’s first voyage to?
Asia to find resources
What were his 3 missions on his first voyage? And did he accomplish them?
- Find a route to Asia- didn’t accomplish
- Bring back gold and riches- didn’t accomplish
- Claim land for the king of France -accomplished
Who was the chief of Quebec City (Stadacona)
Donnacona
What did Cartier find on his second voyage?
The st Laurence river
Where did he go in Canada on his second voyage?
Hochelaga (mtl)
Stadacona (QC city)
What were his 2 missions on the second voyage?
How to survive the cold and how to combat scurvy
What is scurvy? And what happens?
Lack of vitamin c. Teeth start to rot
What was his mission on his third voyage?
To set up a colony
Did the mission fail? If yes, what happened
Yes It failed and franc lost interest in the colony for 70 years.
What did First Nations trade for furs?
Cloths, cauldrons, alcohol and arms
Who established an alliance in 1693
Tadoussac and montagnais.
How did European fishers keep fish french?
They dried it and salted It
What were Cartier’s objectives in the settlement colony?
- To convert the aboriginals
2. To settle the colony
What did Cartier think he found in cap rouge? What did It end up being?
He thought he found gold but It was pyrite. False gold.
