History test Flashcards
1
Q
The Wealth of Nations
A
A book written by Adams Smith marking the beginning of economics as a social science.
2
Q
A book written by Adams Smith marking the beginning of economics as a social science.
A
The Wealth of Nations
3
Q
Adam Smith
A
wrote “The Wealth of Nations” in which he made laws that he believed drove the choices of people. His laws were put to the test when the industrial revolution came around.
4
Q
wrote “The Wealth of Nations” in which he made laws that he believed drove the choices of people. His laws were put to the test when the industrial revolution came around.
A
Adam Smith
5
Q
Industrial Revolution
A
This was the time when lots of countries shifted the basis of their economy from agriculture to industry.
6
Q
This was the time when lots of countries shifted the basis of their economy from agriculture to industry.
A
Industrial Revolution
7
Q
Industrialization
A
What caused a new era of empire building. Industrial nations with wealth and power.
8
Q
What caused a new era of empire building. Industrial nations with wealth and power.
A
Industrialization
9
Q
French and Indian War (and date)
A
was also called the “seven years’ war” and the war was in 1754-1763 and would pave the way for the American revolution.
10
Q
was also called the “seven years’ war” and the war was in 1754-1763 and would pave the way for the American revolution.
A
French and Indian War (and date)
11
Q
Republicanism
A
belief in a form of government marked by separation of powers and representation of the people through elected officials.
12
Q
belief in a form of government marked by separation of powers and representation of the people through elected officials.
A
Republicanism
13
Q
French Revolution (and date)
A
began in 1789 ended 1799 and happened because of France’s mounting debt and near bankruptcy from warfare including helping during the American Revolution.
13
Q
began in 1789 and happened because of France’s mounting debt and near bankruptcy from warfare including helping during the American Revolution.
A
French Revolution (and date)
14
Q
Third Estate
A
during a meeting between estates/classes in hopes to resolve France’s financial crisis, the third estate who were known as the common people took over. They demanded political, economic, and social rights that they were denied by the other two classes.
15
Q
during a meeting between estates/classes in hopes to resolve France’s financial crisis, the third estate who were known as the common people took over. They demanded political, economic, and social rights that they were denied by the other two classes.
A
Third Estate
16
Q
Liberalism
A
a political ideology favoring individual political and economic freedom, with limits on state power.
17
Q
a political ideology favoring individual political and economic freedom, with limits on state power.
A
Liberalism
18
Q
Coup d’etat
A
A sudden violent overthrow of government.
19
Q
A sudden violent overthrow of government.
A
Coup d’etat
20
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
The leader of the French army who ended the French Revolution and then went on to lead an army of conquest to dominate Europe.
21
Q
The leader of the French army who ended the French Revolution and then went on to lead an army of conquest to dominate Europe.
A
Napoleon Bonaparte
22
Q
Reign of Terror
A
In 1793 when 15000 enemies from the French Revolution, including several leaders, were executed.
23
Q
In 1793 when 15000 enemies from the French Revolution, including several leaders, were executed.
A
Reign of Terror
24
Haitian Revolution
this was a revolt of slaves on a French colonized island in the Caribbean. It took place in 1791 and was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture who was a free black man. The island was renamed Haiti after the victory of the revolution.
25
this was a revolt of slaves on a French colonized island in the Caribbean. It took place in 1791 and was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture who was a free black man. The island was renamed Haiti after the victory of the revolution.
Haitian Revolution
26
Simon Bolivar
The leader of the northern army in South America during the Revolutions in Latin America.
26
The leader of the northern army in South America during the Revolutions in Latin America.
Simon Bolivar
27
Nationalism
Pride and devotion to one's nation including the idea that people with a common language, culture, and history should have their own nation state.
28
Pride and devotion to one's nation including the idea that people with a common language, culture, and history should have their own nation state.
Nationalism
29
The Revolutions of 1848 (Discuss at least four)
This was when several European states tried to stop Napoleon's invasion and restore the monarchy that France had become. There was a revolt in Paris as well as protests that broke out in Austria, Germany and Italy.
29
This was when several European states tried to stop Napoleon's invasion and restore the monarchy that France had become. There was a revolt in Paris as well as protests that broke out in Austria, Germany and Italy.
The Revolutions of 1848 (Discuss at least four)
30
Capital
Wealth in the form of money or resources that are used to produce other goods.
31
Wealth in the form of money or resources that are used to produce other goods.
Capital
32
Imperialism and “New” Imperialism
Imperialism is when a state takes political and economic control of areas beyond its borders. “New imperialism” was when Europeans used native people and colonists to trade with to get what they wanted. This was materials like precious metals, spices and sugars, and slaves. The colonists set up their own form of imperialism though creating legal systems and culture and language.
33
Imperialism is when a state takes political and economic control of areas beyond its borders. “New imperialism” was when Europeans used native people and colonists to trade with to get what they wanted. This was materials like precious metals, spices and sugars, and slaves. The colonists set up their own form of imperialism though creating legal systems and culture and language.
Imperialism and “New” Imperialism
34
Explain how anti-West sentiment drove uprisings in Japan and China. Where did this anti-West sentiment come from? (What provoked it?)
China had the most imperial interest from the west. In the mid 1800s Britain, France and Germany all wanted China’s massive markets that had lots of customers. They wanted to join the trade. Japan had also become stronger economically and had a better military. Japan had fought China and gained control of the Korean Peninsula while western powers continued their efforts, gaining power over parts of Asia like Indochina, Singapore and parts of Malaya.
35
Explain at least four new innovations that changed the world in the Industrial Revolution.
Britain had new fiber spinning/weaving technologies like the spinning jenny and the water frame that would speed up textile production. The steam engine was another British invention and it replaced waterpower in many places and the use of coal energy. A system of canals and railroads was another thing the British built. Cotton from the southern United states supplied Britain and then merchants would trade the cotton to other countries like China.
36
Explain what industrial capitalism means. Define capitalism. (look at p. 189)
Industrial capitalism was the way European merchants profited from products. They developed business skills to support industry. Capitalism is the economic system in which resources are privately owned and markets determine how they’re sold.
37
Define socialism.
socialism is a different economic system from capitalism in which the government owns resources and determines how they’re sold and distributed.
38
Explain the “scramble for Africa.”
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened which allowed easier trade routes from Britain to India. A “scramble in Africa” began though when this trade route was threatened to get cut off. European powers began claiming territory in Africa.
39
Explain how imperialism played out in Asia
China lost their power over Korea to Japan and China became weak. This was where western imperialism took place and they forced China to trade with them since they were stronger. They also started strategic ports and took territory in China. Other countries were able to take advantage of China because China was weak.
40
-Imperialism
A policy in which a state takes political and economic control of an area beyond its borders
41
A policy in which a state takes political and economic control of an area beyond its borders
-Imperialism
42
White Man's Burden"
- This was a poem but the overall meaning behind “White Man’s Burden” is representing the way Europeans thought that they were the superior race and so they would try to civilize the lesser or “backward peoples of foreign lands.
43
- This was a poem but the overall meaning behind “White Man’s Burden” is representing the way Europeans thought that they were the superior race and so they would try to civilize the lesser or “backward peoples of foreign lands.
-"White Man's Burden"
44
-"Sphere of Influence"
When the economic or political interests of a certain nation are more important or favored over other nations.
45
When the economic or political interests of a certain nation are more important or favored over other nations.
-"Sphere of Influence"
46
Also called the Indian mutiny. This took place in 1857 and was the people of India fighting the British due to the hostility.
Great Rebellion
46
Great Rebellion
Also called the Indian mutiny. This took place in 1857 and was the people of India fighting the British due to the hostility.
47
Hegemony
- the indirect social, political, or economic influence from another state that is dominant.
47
- the indirect social, political, or economic influence from another state that is dominant.
Hegemony
48
Sino-Japanese War
This was a war fought between China and Japan. They were fighting for control over Korea and Japan won.
48
This was a war fought between China and Japan. They were fighting for control over Korea and Japan won.
Sino-Japanese War
49
Russo-Japanese War
When Russia took over the Liaodong peninsula Japan went to war with Russia since it was their newly claimed land taken from them. Japan won this war and was the first case of an Asian nation defeating a European nation.
50
When Russia took over the Liaodong peninsula Japan went to war with Russia since it was their newly claimed land taken from them. Japan won this war and was the first case of an Asian nation defeating a European nation.
Russo-Japanese War
51
This was when France set their strategic outpost on the China Sea in the mid 1890s, sending thousands of troops there.
"French Indochina"
52
"French Indochina"
This was when France set their strategic outpost on the China Sea in the mid 1890s, sending thousands of troops there.
53
Partition
Dividing a region into separate political units.
54
Dividing a region into separate political units.
Partition
55
Boers/Afrikaners
These were the early settlers of Africa.
56
These were the early settlers of Africa.
Boers/Afrikaners
57
Boer Wars
In 1881 and 1899 wars between the Boers and the British happened due to their ongoing tensions.
58
In 1881 and 1899 wars between the Boers and the British happened due to their ongoing tensions.
Boer Wars
59
This was a canal that ran through Egypt and linked the Mediterranean and Red seas. This made shorter voyages through Europe and Asia.For the British, it was a gateway to India, their most valuable colony.
Suez Canal
59
Suez Canal
This was a canal that ran through Egypt and linked the Mediterranean and Red seas. This made shorter voyages through Europe and Asia.For the British, it was a gateway to India, their most valuable colony.
60
Berlin West Africa Conference
This was when Europeans gathered with the goal to decide to open up the interior of Africa to free trade.
61
This was when Europeans gathered with the goal to decide to open up the interior of Africa to free trade.
Berlin West Africa Conference
62
Battle of Adowa
This battle started when Italy sent 18000 troops to take control of Ethiopia. On the other hand though, Italy was overthrown by 100000 soldiers and Ethiopia remained an independent nation.
62
This battle started when Italy sent 18000 troops to take control of Ethiopia. On the other hand though, Italy was overthrown by 100000 soldiers and Ethiopia remained an independent nation.
Battle of Adowa
63
Formal vs Informal Imperialism and Hegemony (p 242)
Formal Imperialism was when western powers directly ruled countries and territories while informal was indirectly. The informally version of imperialism was often called hegemony
64
Formal Imperialism was when western powers directly ruled countries and territories while informal was indirectly. The informally version of imperialism was often called hegemony
Formal vs Informal Imperialism and Hegemony (p 242)
65
"Free Trade Imperialism (p 243)
This was the removal of all trade barriers while Britain controlled Latin America.
66
This was the removal of all trade barriers while Britain controlled Latin America.
"Free Trade Imperialism (p 243)
67
Monroe Doctrine
this a U.S. foreign policy that tried to keep European power from controlling Latin American nations.
68
this a U.S. foreign policy that tried to keep European power from controlling Latin American nations.
Monroe Doctrine
69
Herero and Nama Massacre
In 1904 rebels killed around a hundred farmers and traders. This resulted in Germany coming and killing about three quarters of the population of the Herero and Nama tribes.
70
In 1904 rebels killed around a hundred farmers and traders. This resulted in Germany coming and killing about three quarters of the population of the Herero and Nama tribes.
Herero and Nama Massacre
71
Infrastructure
Large scale transportation, communication, and other systems that support economic activity.
71
Large scale transportation, communication, and other systems that support economic activity.
Infrastructure
72
Explain the difference between "old" and "new" imperialism. (p 232
Old imperialism was when Europeans first started setting outposts and colonies in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. This was supposed to be for the purpose of overseas trade. Revolutions would end a lot of this though and then the new imperialism came into place later in the 1800s when again, European nations tried to expand their control and power over lands, resources, and peoples beyond their borders.
73
VERY IMPORTANT theme for this chapter: Explain how both capitalism and racism combined in imperialism.
The western world was somewhat of a dominant place at this time. Other nations were taken control of like China for their booming markets. Along with this the western nations considered themselves superior and civilized and with their “White Man’s Burden” perspective they tried to justify imperialism in controlling and supposedly helping other nations of other races that they believed were less civilized.
74
In some ways, a lesser developed country's "natural bounty" of resources like gold and diamonds was a curse during the Imperialism years. Explain how this played out in (what became) South Africa.
When this prosperity of gold and diamonds were discovered in Africa, the other powerful and imperialistic nations that had control over Africa took to this. Other people from Europe would immigrate to Africa to join in on the gold and diamonds.
75
Look at the maps on page 241. How did European nations "justify" their "claims" over these huge swaths of Africa? (Be sure to read p 242 before you answer.
They believed that they had power and control along with racial superiority and they were able to overthrow some rebellions. With imperialism, they were able to control lots of land in Africa.
76
How did the US justify their "police powers" over the entire western hemisphere?
They got politically involved by enforcing policies saying that Europeans couldn't extend their imperialism to the Latin American countries. They justified this because they believed that Latin American was their personal sphere of influence.
77
Diaz
was an authoritarian leader in Mexico and he rose to power in 1877. He also arranged for an art exhibition building to be built instead of an expensive month-long event to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of Mexico’s independence.
78
was an authoritarian leader in Mexico and he rose to power in 1877. He also arranged for an art exhibition building to be built instead of an expensive month-long event to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of Mexico’s independence.
Diaz
79
Caudillos
Powerful army generals/civilian leaders backed by armed groups of followers.
80
Powerful army generals/civilian leaders backed by armed groups of followers.
Caudillos
81
He was a bandit who led a band of peasant guerillas in a revolt against Mexico’s rigged election.
Pancho Villa
81
Pancho Villa
He was He was a bandit who led a band of peasant guerillas in a revolt against Mexico’s rigged election.
82
An Indian leader who also helped in this revolt. He had raised an army of 5000 men and he helped the revolt in the south.
Zapata -
83
Zapata -
An Indian leader who also helped in this revolt. He had raised an army of 5000 men and he helped the revolt in the south.
84
Mexican Constitution of 1917: explain at least four notable provisions
The constitution of 1917 empowered the government to seize and redistribute the land of wealthy landowners, It set new minimum wages and max hours of work, it set government new insurance for retirement, life, health, and unemployment, and it gave worker the right to form unions and strike.
85
The constitution of 1917 empowered the government to seize and redistribute the land of wealthy landowners, It set new minimum wages and max hours of work, it set government new insurance for retirement, life, health, and unemployment, and it gave worker the right to form unions and strike.
Mexican Constitution of 1917: explain at least four notable provisions
86
PRI
This is another name for the National Revolutionary Party which is a political party that decides who the next president is
87
This is another name for the National Revolutionary Party which is a political party that decides who the next president is
PRI
88
Cuban “independence” (explain why it was “sort of” independence)
Cuba was invaded by the U.S. who forced Spain to grant their independence. The U.S. was making Cuba amend their new constitution. In 1933 the U.S. helped overthrow Cuba's brutal dictator.
89
Cuba was invaded by the U.S. who forced Spain to grant their independence. The U.S. was making Cuba amend their new constitution. In 1933 the U.S. helped overthrow Cuba's brutal dictator.
Cuban “independence” (explain why it was “sort of” independence)
90
Batista
After the Cuban dictator was overthrown, Batista, an army sergeant, took power and ruled Cuba for the next 25 years.
91
After the Cuban dictator was overthrown, Batista, an army sergeant, took power and ruled Cuba for the next 25 years.
Batista
92
Roosevelt Corollary
- This was president Theodore Roosevelt’s policy statement to justify the U.S. taking control of the Dominican Republic and Haiti’s customs operations. Something the U.S. would use with other countries in South America
93
- This was president Theodore Roosevelt’s policy statement to justify the U.S. taking control of the Dominican Republic and Haiti’s customs operations.
Roosevelt Corollary
94
“Papa Doc” Duvalier
He started a dictatorship in 1957 in the Dominican Republic.
95
He started a dictatorship in 1957 in the Dominican Republic.
“Papa Doc” Duvalier
96
Rafael Trujillo
This man put in control of the Dominican Republic in 1930 and ruled a cruel dictatorship for 31 years.
97
This man put in control of the Dominican Republic in 1930 and ruled a cruel dictatorship for 31 years.
Rafael Trujillo
98
Panama Canal: how did the US get control of this far away strip of land?
Colummbia had power over Panama and refused to let the French sell to the U.S. The French encouraged some native people of Panama to revolt. Since Theodore Roosevelt helped aid Panama in this, they gave the U.S. control.
99
Colummbia had power over Panama and refused to let the French sell to the U.S. The French encouraged some native people of Panama to revolt. Since Theodore Roosevelt helped aid Panama in this, they gave the U.S. control.
Panama Canal: how did the US get control of this far away strip of land?
100
Somoza
He was a national guard commander who overthrew the president of Nicaragua and he later became the president after a rigged election. He created a brutal dictatorship that lasted until he was assassinated in 1956.
101
He was a national guard commander who overthrew the president of Nicaragua and he later became the president after a rigged election. He created a brutal dictatorship that lasted until he was assassinated in 1956.
Somoza
102
Explain at least three ways/moment– in depth– of significant US intervention in Latin America during this period. (Be sure to explain events throughout this chapter.)
In 1913 Woodrow Wilson began to engage in Mexico’s revolution. The U.S. sent arms to the pro-Carranza rebels and sent troops to invade Veracruz, Mexico's main port city. Two more interventions took place in the Caribbean. The U.S. were building huge coffee and sugar plantations and by the 1920s these U.S. companies were producing some most of the world’s but in other nations. In the Dominican Republic and Haiti, the U.S. decided to take over the customs operations due financial troubles and ongoing political corruption in these nations.
102
What kind of democratic tradition did post-colonial Latin American countries have prior to revolution? Explain. (p. 296-297)
They didn't have much of a tradition. It was more of oligarchies ruled by the upper class citizens. There were a lot of caudillos and dictators led to a lot of political instability. They were not supported by the people but rather the upper class. Countries like Mexico and Chile also had tons of governments at this time. Up to 30 or 40.
103
How did the Mexican Revolution influence other nations in Latin and South America? (P. 302-303)
Other nations liked the political, social, and economic reforms. It influenced nations to make reforms as well. Argentina, for example, gave all males the right to vote, and later its new leader became the first to be elected by the people and not an oligarchy. Other countries like Chile, Peru, and Ecuador also were inspired and would make new reforms.
103
How were most “elites” supported/empowered? Explain their ties with key industries for example in 1) Venezuela and 2) Brazil. (p. 302-303)
In Venezuela by the time Juan Vicente Gomez ended his dictatorship Venezuela was producing the most amount of oil in the world. This made Gomez and his supporters rich, but most of Venezuela lived in poverty. In Brazil, Elites were the wealthy landowners who controlled the government. These people were brought into wealth by coffee. The Middle class joined with army officers to go against this government of wealthy landowners though.
104
What, according to Roosevelt, gave the US the justification to be the world’s cop? Explain why you agree or disagree with this claim.
According to Roosevelt “Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may ultimately require intervention by the United States to the exercise of an international police power.” I don’t really know if I agree with this statement. I see where someone could see it as being good in that the U.S is trying to help insure that other countries are “policed” and kept in place but at the same time I think that this was giving the U.S. control over these countries like this could have been used to their advantage and I don’t think that would make this a trustworthy sort of policy so I think I would lean towards disagreeing with this claim.
