History Test

Question 1

self-determination

Answer 1

• Idea that people with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideas had the right to form sovereign states
• Ignored of opposed by dynastic and reactionary powers that dominated Europe in the early 19th century, driving them to deny autonomy to Germins, Italians, and Belgians
• Idea of self-determination threatened the Ottoman empire

Question 2

national rivalries (783)

Answer 2

• Nationalism was present in economic competitions and colonial conflicts, fueling dangerous rivalries amongst major European powers

1. England vs Germany → unsettling economic rivalry
   - Germany’s rapid industrialization threatened Britain’s economic predominance
   - in 1870, Britain has produced almost 32% of world’s total industrial output and Germany produced 13% → by 1914 this number had dropped to 14% for Britain, which was roughly equivalent to Germany
   - Reluctance to accept decline of british industry due to Germany’s rise strained the relationship between the two
2. England vs Germany → naval race
   - Believed that naval power was imperative to secure trade routes and protect merchant shipping → increasing industrial output
   - Political and military leaders believed control of the sea was vital when in times of war → strong navy needed
   - Germany announced program to build a fleet with many large battleships → undermining British naval supremacy
   - British responded by constructing super battleships known as dreadnoughts → represented a new generation of war ships
   - This response to keep superiority lead to Germans building their own flotilla of dreadnoughts
   expensive race contributed further to international tensions and hostilities

Question 3

European colonial disputes (783)

Answer 3

Economic rivalries promoted colonial competition → powers looked aggressively to acquire new colonies to improve economic performance

Imperial powers greed caused them to stumble over each other
- Britain + Russia in Persia (modern day Iran) and Afghanistan
- Britain + France in Siam (modern day Thailand) and the Nile Valley
- Britain + Germany in east and southwest Africa
- Germany + France in Morocco and west Africa

Competition between France and Germany and Britain and Germany were the most intense and dangerous

Germany wanted its chance in the sun but Britain and French imperialists already carved up most of the world

German-French antagonists and German-British rivalries went far toward shaping the international alliances that contributed to the war spread after 1914

Question 4

Triple Alliance / Central Powers

Answer 4

Grew from the close relationship developed between the leaders of
Germany and Austria-Hungary
- Formed a dual alliance in 1879 that was a defensive pact that ensured they would back eachother up in case of attack from Russia and neutrality in case of attack from any other power
- German motive → fear of hostile French
- Austrian Motive → free hand in pursuing Balkan politics without fear of Russian interference

Italy joined in 1882 out of fear of France, pushing it to a triple alliance
- Italian declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire in 1911 and drive to conquer the Tripoli region of northern Africa strained the alliance because Germany wanted to keep friendly relations with the Turks

Question 5

Triple Entente

Answer 5

Originated in a series of agreements between Britain and France in 1904 and Britain and Russia in 1907 that aimed to resolve colonial disputes
- Russian motive → disturbed by the new alignment of the central powers, especially Germany’s support of Austria
- British Motive → leaders were traditionally suspicious of any nation than seemed to threaten the balance of power on the continent
- French motive → determined to curb the growing might of Germany because they had not forgot or forgave for the humiliation they endured after losing the Franco-Prussian war

Cooperation between leaders of Britain, France, and Russia led to the signing of a military pact in the summer of 1914

Reciprocal treaty obligations made in these alliances made it difficult for diplomats to contain what otherwise would have been a small international crisis

Question 6

Schlieffen plan (785)

Answer 6

A plan devised in 1905 by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen (1833 - 1913)

Developed to swiftly knockout france followed by defensive action against Russia

Question 7

Gavrilo Princip

Answer 7

“The shots that were heard around the world”

Triggered the greatest war in human history

Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria leading to WWI

Question 8

Black Hand

Answer 8

Serbian terrorist group that lead the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Used terrorist methods to promote liberty for serbs

Question 9

Serbia (786, Gott mit uns, German)

Answer 9

Most known for producing the Serbian terrorist group “Black Hand”

Gott mit uns - a german phrase that means God is with us

Some people fought in the war for glory in honor but the overall german army believed that god was with them and what they were doing was right

Question 10

mustard gas & new weapons of warfare (787-789),

Answer 10

No Man’s Land - the deadly territory between opposing trenches
Rapid and continuous fire of machine guns

Machine gun had been a key weapon for overcoming resistance to colonial expansion before it was used during the Great War

Tanks were used frequently by the, tanks allowed soldiers to quickly gain ground during the war

Airplanes advanced quickly in speed, range, and altitude; although they couldn’t carry heavy machinery they were used for aerial reconnaissance

(Gathering intelligence on the enemy and their advantages from the air)

Mustard gas is a liquid agent, that when exposed to air turned into a noxious yellow gas

Question 11

impact of submarines & airplanes,

Answer 11

The submarine was used by the german navy

Deployed diesel-powered submarine fleet against allied commercial shipping

German navy relied heavily on submarines and the British and US later followed suit

Question 12

Battle of Verdun

Answer 12

In 1916 the Germans tried to break the deadlock with huge assault of the fortress of Verdun

French rallying cry was “They shall not pass”

The Germans did not but at a tremendous cost
- French had 315,000 dead
- German had 280,000 dead

Only recovered 160,000 identifiable bodies

To relieve pressure on Verdun, British forces counterattacked at the Somme

Question 13

zeppelin (790),

Answer 13

a hydrogen filled dirigible whose underbelly rained bombs

Question 14

women at war (792)

Answer 14

Women went to work while the men were at war

Conscription took men out of the labor force and wartime leaders exhorted women to fill the gaps in the workforce

Question 15

propaganda (793)

Answer 15

To maintain the spirit of the home front and to counter threats to national unity, governments resorted to the restriction of civil liberties, censorship of bad news, and vilification of the enemy `

Question 16

Gallipoli

Answer 16

One of the most extensive military operations outside of Europe - took place in the Southeast Asian territories of the Ottoman Empire which was aligned with the Central Powers at the end of 1914

Winston Churchill suggested an allied strike against ottomans (who were already a weak ally of central powers would hurt the germans)

Early 1915 the French and British naval forces conducted an expedition to control the Dardanelles Strait

After bombing the forts near the strait, allied ships took damage from floating mines and withdrew without completion

After withdrawing the Battleships, British high command had combined forces of Canadian, Australian and New Zealand soldiers on the beaches of Gallipoli peninsula

The campaign was a disaster.

Turkish defenders ensconced in the cliffs above, quickly pinned down the allied troops on the beaches

250,000 casualties on each side

A debacle with long term consequences

Although the British directed the ill-fated campaign it was mostly Canadians, Australians, and New Zealanders who suffered the terrible casualties

Question 17

Anzac Day (795),

Answer 17

An acronym for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

The countries most significant day of public homage

Commemorates the landing of the ANZAC at Gallipoli

Commemorates the soldiers who died during the deadly Gallipoli battle

Question 18

Armenian genocide (796),

Answer 18

The wartime atrocities that took place principally between 1915 and 1917 have become known as Armenian genocide

The Armenians were the last major non-Muslim ethnic group under Ottoman rule seaking autonomy and independence

Death by starvation, dehydration, and exposure

Government organized massacres
- Deaths by drowning, incineration or assaults with blunt instruments
Estimates suggest at least 1 million Armenian perished

Although it is agreed upon most that the genocide did occur, the turkish gov. Rejects the label of genocide and claims that Armenian deaths resulted not from a state sponsored plan of mass extermination
but from communal warfare perpetrated by Christians/Muslims, disease, and famine

Question 19

Sykes-Picot Treaty 1916,

Answer 19

A secret agreement forged between the British and French government during the ascent of Russia

Defined their future spheres of influence and control in Southeast Asia in the aftermath of their victory in the war

When the agreement came to light in 1917 it divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of British and French control

Question 20

Balfour Declaration (796),

Answer 20

Further complicated the issue of the Sykes Picot Treaty and created another source of conflict

The British Government publicly declared its support for the establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jewish people

Question 21

Revolution in Russia

Answer 21

The Great War (WW1) undermined the Russian state

Food shortages, disintegrating armies, and mutines provoked a series of street demonstrations and strikes in St. Petersburg

The inability of police forces to suppress the uprisings and the subsequent mutiny of troops garrisoned in the capital, persuaded Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne

Got rid of the monarch

Ended the 300 years of the Romanov dynasty

The March/February Revolution was the first of two revolutions in 1917, was unplanned and incomplete

The November/October revolution otherwise known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917 , in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime

Question 22

Lenin (797)

Answer 22

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a revolutionary marxist who had been living in exile in Switzerland

After his fathers death, his older brother was arrested and hanged for plotting to assassinate the Tsar

As a lawyer, Lenin studied Marx’s ideologies but unlike Marx, Lenin believed the poor were incapable of developing the proper revolutionary consciousness that would lead to effective political action

Lenin believed the proletariat required leadership and a well organized/disciplines party to follow

Served as the catalyst for a socialist society

Lenin headed the Bolsheviks after convincing them to accept his radicalism

Question 23

Bolsheviks

Answer 23

The Bolsheviks were a small minority among revolutionary working class parties

Eventually gained control of the petrograd soviet

Due to the inability to feed the russian population and the government’s refusal to undertake land reform there was growing conviction among workers and peasants that only the soviets could solve their problems

The Bolsheviks capitalized on that mood with effective slogans such as “All Power to the Soviets” and most famous, “Peace, Land and Bread”

Lenin convinced the Bolshevik party to organize an armed insurrection and seize power in the name of the All-Russian National Congress of Soviets

On the night of November 6th armed workers, soldiers, and sailors stormed the Winter Palace

By the afternoon of November 7th the virtually bloodless insurrection had run its course

Lenin and his followers were posed to destroy the traditional patterns and values of Russian society and challenge the institutions of liberal society everywhere

Question 24

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 24

The Bolshevik rulers ended Russia’s involvement in the Great war by signing this treaty

The Treaty gave Germans possession or control of much of Russia’s territory (Baltic states, the Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and Ukraine) along with ¼ of it’s population

The treaty terms were harsh and humiliating but taking Russia out the war gave the government the opportunity to deal with internal problems

Question 25

1916 Easter Rebellion in Ireland (799)

Answer 25

An unsuccessful revolution planned by Irish Nationalist to overthrow British Rule in Ireland

The central powers suffered from food shortages as a result of the British blockade

An increasing amount of people took to the streets to protest about declining food

Question 26

armistice (800),

Answer 26

An armistice is an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time

The Ottomans concluded an armistice on October 30th, and Austria-Hungary surrendered on November 4th

Finally the Germans accepted an armistice which took effect on November 11th 1918

Question 27

influenza pandemic of 1919

Answer 27

The end of the Great War coincided with the arrival of one of the worst pandemics ever recorded in human history

Nobody knows the origins or why it vanished mid 1919

Killed more than 20 million

Killed more people than the Great War did

Hit young adults mainly which was strange because usually adults were not affected

Wartime traffic on land and sea contributed to the spread of the infection

Killed swiftly wherever it went and no matter where it went

High fever was the main symptoms

India had one of the highest death
counts at 7 million

Killed more American than all 20th century wars put together

Wiped out 25% of the population of the Pacific Islands

There was no cure

Question 28

Wilson’s 14 points (801-802),

Answer 28

The Fourteen Points were proposed by U.S President Woodrow Wilson

Used to determine a just and enduring postwar peace settlement

Wilsons postwar vision had subsequently prompted the defeated
Central Powers to announce their acceptance of his so called Fourteen Points as the basis for the armistice

They also expected the Allies to use them as the foundation for later peace treaties

Key ideas among Wilson’s 14 points were the following recommendations: open covenants of peace, openly arrived at; absolute freedom of navigation on the seas in peace and war; the removal of all economic barriers

Question 29

Peace Treaties

Answer 29

A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties

The final form of the treaties represented a series of compromises among the victors

Question 30

Treaty of Versailles (803)

Answer 30

The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One

Denied the Germans a navy and an air force + limited the size of the German army to 100,000 troops

In addition, the Allies prohibited Germany and Austria from entering into any sort of political union

French and British agreed that the defeated Central Powers must pay for the cost of the war and required the payment of reparations either in money or in kind

The germans declared that the Treaty of Versailles was excessively harsh even though the treaty they drew up with Russia was also “excessively harsh”

Question 31

League of Nations (803),

Answer 31

Formed by the diplomats in Paris in an effort to avoid future destructive conflicts

First permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

League of Nations was made an integral part of peace treaties, and every signatory to a peace treaty had to accept this new world organization

Had two major flaws that rendered it ineffective
- First, though designed to solve international disputes through arbitration, it had no power to enforce its decisions
- Second, it relied on collective security as a tool for the preservation of global peace

The basic premise underlying collective security arrangements was the concept that aggression against any one state was aggression against all the other states whom had pledged to aid each other

The U.S never joined the league because they rejected the idea

Germany never joined the league because they viewed the league as a group of Allied victors

Japan had joined but then later left the league because they saw it as an instrument of imperialism

Question 32

Weakened Europe (805-806).

Answer 32

Decline in European power was closely related to diminished economic stature as a result toa commitment to total war

Economic dislocations were permanent and damaging

Most significant was the loss of overseas investments and foreign markets, which had brought huge financial returns

Along with other financial problems the U.S had gone from being a debtor nation in 1914 (owed billions of dollars to European investors) to becoming a major creditor in 1919

Question 33

Nineteenth Century Liberalism

Answer 33

unregulated pursuit of wealth, none of which seemed to trickle down to the ordinary citizen, decaying and corrupt democratic governments, and power hungry imperialists. This was questioned during the Great War and while the Great Depression was ensuing, leading people to believe they needed reforms.

Question 34

Age of Anxiety

Answer 34

Feelings of authority figures and defenders of the 19th century status quo that lamented the decline of society. Sigmund Freud’s work undermined Renaissance and Enlightenment ideas about the rationality of mankind, just as Einstein’s and Heisenberg’s works undermined the rational Newtonian universe

Question 35

Effects of 1920-30s on the young

Answer 35

`high culture world of art caused the emergence of abstract painters, composers, and architects who created seemingly irrational or deliberately provocative works to reflect unease and pessimism of modern society. Writers focused on the heartless of society and scientific ideas (Darwin, Freud) reached beyond the scientific community and opposed religious ideas about the origin of life

Question 36

Effects of Great war

Answer 36

Importance of health of society as a whole replaced of the importance of the individual as the basis of a strong society

German republic was taken over by the National socialist (fascist) society → believed strong national government controlling all aspects public and private life would make germany stronger

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) believed in tight government control of the economy

Franklin D Roosevelt orchestrated the New Deal as a government solution to economic problems

Question 37

Rise of Hitler

Answer 37

Born in Austria in 1889 as a middle class child

Felt pressures from his parents as he matured that were competing, his father wanted him to follow in his footsteps to study and enter the Austrian Civil Service, but his mother supported his dreams

Wanted to be an artist, disapproval from his father

When is father died her indulged in his imagination and now could pursue art so he went to vienna academy of fine arts and was rejected in 1907 by 3 jewish professors

He then stayed in Vienna, wasted his money and began staying in a homeless shelter where he heard different political viewpoints from other inhabitants

Heard of the superiority of the aryan race and inferiority of the Jews

Came to hate Jews and Marxists who he thought had the goal of ruining the world

Despised liberalism and democracy

Left Austria because he didn’t want to serve a decaying empire in 1913 and enlisted in the German army where he excelled and enjoyed fighting for his country

After missing final days of war because of mustard gas blinding him he was upset to hear Germany lost and blamed it entirely on the jews → lead him to feel he had to join german politics

European society as a whole was recovering from the Great War as hitler rose to authority and an unprecedented economic contraction gripped the world

Great Depression - dictators tried to translate utopian blueprints into reality; Joseph Stalin and fellow communists recast the tsarist empire to a dictatorship of the proletariat, Benito Mussolini and his fascists and Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party forged new national communities → unsettled many Europeans and added to the Age of Anxiety

Mein Kampf - My struggle 1923 → hitlers book where chapter 5 talks about “taking care of the Jewish Problem”

Question 38

Economic Problems

Answer 38

Recovery was tied to tangled financial system that involved war debts among the Allies reparations paid by Germany and Austria, and the flow of US funds into Europe
- German and Austrian governments rely on US loans and investment capital to repay France and England, who needed this money to repay the US for loans during the Great War

Summer 1928 - lenders and investors started withdrawal from capital Europe, straining financial system

Improvements in industrial processes reduced worldwide demand for certain raw materials, causing an increase in supply and inadequate demand, causing a drop in prices
- example : automobile tires could be made with reclaimed-rubber → negative effects on the economies of the Dutch East Indies, Ceylin, and Malysa

Depressed state of agriculture → due to overproduction and falling prices
- During war European farmers stopped farming so US, Canada, Argentina and Australia began farming → when war ended and farming resumed there was a worldwide surplus
- Surplus aggravated by above average harvests in 1925 and 1929

Reduced income of farming families → less purchasing → high inventories of manufactured goods → less business and production → loss of jobs

Question 39

The Crash of 1929 -

Answer 39

US had a boom after Great War → industrial wages were high, production and consumption increased allowing for the purchasing of more stocks with extra money
- Bought stocks on Margin - putting up a little of the price of a stock and borrowing remaining from brokers, banks, or by mortgaging their homes

Hints of worldwide economic slowdown caused investors to pull their money out of the market

Black Thursday - October 24, 1929 → New York Stock prices plummeted and everyone who invested money in stocks lost it
- Lost life savings and 11 franciesers committed suicide

Question 40

Economic Contraction Spreads

Answer 40

Chaos caused a decrease in business activity, wages, and unemployment rate went up to 26%, highest ever

When consumption went down → production went down causing cutbacks and addition layoffs
- National income dropped by approximately half
- 44% of US banks were out of business
- Deposits of people disappeared

Much of the worlds prosperity came from the US capital, loans, import market, and the failure created a ripple effect across the globe

Countries that relied on exports of manufactured goods to pay for imported fuel and food suffered most → Germany and Japan

Question 41

Industrial Economies

Answer 41

To raise money, US investors tried calling in loans and liquidating investments → wall street banks refused to extend short term loans

Austrian and German banks houses became vulnerable to collapse due to their reliance on US loans
- German economy 1932 - 35% unemployment rate and 50% decrease in industrial production
- German halt in economy → European halt in economy because they relied on Germany and the reparations for war

Germany faced no physical damage to its natural resources, infrastructures and productive capacity during the war

Tariffs in the united states stopped European exports to US → foreign trade fell sharply between 1929-1932
- caused further losses in manufacturing, employment, and per captia income
- Japanese economy relied entirely on US exports → felt effects immediately

Question 42

Economic nationalism

Answer 42

International cooperation broke down and governments turned to their own resources and practiced economic nationalism
- Imposed tariff barriers, import quotas and import prohibitions to achieve a higher degree of economic self-sufficiency
- Age of global interdependence → goals remained unobtainable and economic nationalism backfired

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act - US passed in 1930 that raised duties on mosy manufactured products to prohibitive levels
- Other governments retaliated by placing tariffs on US products
- Sharp drop in international trade as a result

Between 1929 and 1932 → world production declined by 38% and trade dropped by more than 66%

Question 43

Despair and Government Action -

Answer 43

By 1933 → unemployment of industrial - societies reached 30 million, 5 times higher than 1929
- Men lost jobs because of economic contraction
- Women lost jobs because of economic trends and government policios that went against women taking up jobs and opportunities

Unemployment originally affected women less
- Lower wages so employers liked them
- Governments enacted policies to reduce female employment → especially for married women
- Believed woman’s place was in the home

British Royal Commision declared “In the case of married women as a class, industrial employment cannot be regarded as the normal condition”

Charles Richet → removing women from workforce would solve male unemployment problems and increase nations birth rate

Question 44

Personal Suffering

Answer 44

Great despair for those who lost their jobs, homes, savings, dignity, and hope
Millions struggle for food clothing and shelter
- shantytowns appeared in urban areas
- Bread lines stretched for blocks

Marriage, childbearing, and divorce rates decreased, suicide rates increased

Caused great divide between social classes
- Workers and farmers despised wealthy who continued to live shielded from the impact of the depression
- Adolescents faced an almost nonexistent job market

Writers castigated social order, writing for a more just society
- John Steinbeck → chillingly captured the official heartlessness and political anger inspired by the great depression in his book The Grapes of Wrath about the Joad family who migrated from Oklahoma to California to escape the dust bowl
- Called out US policy of planned scarcity → surplus crops were destroyed to raise prices while citizens starved

Question 45

Economic Experimentation

Answer 45

Classical economic thought → capitalism was a self-correcting system that operated best when left to its own devices

Governments responded to crisis in one of two ways that both worsened the depression’s impact and suffering of others
- Did nothing hoping conflict will resolve itself
- Pursuing deflationary measures by balancing national budgets and curtailing public spending

Question 46

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) -

Answer 46

Most influential economist of the 20th century and offered a solution in his book The General Theory and Employment, Interest, and Money
- Solution aimed to fix the million of people qilling to work but cannot find employment
- Believed cause was not excessive supply but inadequate demand

Urged governments to play a role in stimulating the economy by increasing the money supply thereby lowering the interest rates and encouraging investment
- Advised them to undertake public works projects to provide jobs and redistribute incomes through tax policy

Became popular after WWII

Question 47

The New Deal

Answer 47

Similar to the ideas of Keynes
- Proposals were designed to prevent the collapse of the banking system, to provide jobs and farm subsidies, to give workers the right to organize and bargain collectively, to guarantee minimum wages and provide social security in old age

Fundamental premise was that the federal government was justified in intervening to protect the social and economic welfare of people, represented a shift in government policy, and started a trend of social reform legislation

Question 48

Five Year Plan

Answer 48

Outlined by Joseph Stalin who was determined to build socialism in one country in 1933

to convert USSR from, an agrarian wealthy country dependent upon capitalist countries into a powerful country, fully self reliant and independent from capitalism

to convert USSR to an industrial country, to expel the capitalist element, widen the front of socialist economies, and abolish social classes

to transfer small and scattered agriculture into large scale collective farming to ensure socialism in the countryside

to create all necessary technical and economic prerequisites for increasing to the utmost defensive capacity of the country, allowing ti to organize determined resistance to military intervention

Succeeded in :
- Organizing 200,000 collective farms → 5,000 state farms devoted to grain growing and livestock raising
- Expanded crop area by 21 million hectares
- More than 60% of peasant farms to unite collective farms → more than 70% of all the land cultivated by peasants

Question 49

Facism

Answer 49

First fascist movement
- Included a widespread disillusionment with uninspired political leadership and ineffective government, extensive economic turmoil and social discontent, and fear of socialism

Disappointment on Italy’s skimpy territorial spoils from Great War settlement

Guiding force → Benito Mussolini
- Former socialist and editor of socialist daily
- Found own newspaper (“People of Italy”) where he encouraged entry into the Great War

Convinced war was a turning point for the nation
- Returning soldiers would spearhead transformation of society and create a new thorough state

After great war advanced a political program that emphasized virulent nationalism, representation of socialists, and a strong leader

established italian combat veteran league in 1919
- Elected 35 fascists to Italian Parliament

Public supported use of violence against socialists by the Blackshirts
- Italian socialist party organized militant strikes through cities to cause chaos
- In 1921 Italy was in a state of incipient civil war

1922, Mussolini and followers decided to seize fascist power and on Oct. 28, staged a march in Rome
- Instead of fighting back, King Victor Emmanual III asked Mussolini to become prime minister and he started a fascist regime in 1922

Consolidated power through a series of laws that provided legal basis for the nation’s transformation into a one party dictatorship
- 1926 Mussolini seized total power and lead as Il Duce (the leader)

Regime worked quickly to eliminate other political parties, curb freedom of the press, and outlaw free speech and association
- Thousands of italians found themselves imprisoned or exiled because they were antifascist subversives

Crushed labor unions, prohibited strikes and organized a corporatist order
- Corporatist based on vague fascist concept of corporatism - viewed society as an organic entity through which the different interests in society came under the control of the state
-Settled labor disputes and supervised wage settlements but in reality was a propaganda scheme

Racism and antisemitism were never prominent in components of Italian fascism but changed in 1938
- Government labeled Jews as unpatriotic, excluded them from government, and prohibited marriage between Jews and aryans
- May be due to new friendship with Hitler
- Told followers history would revolve around a Rome-Berlin axis

Fascist Italy and Natzi Germany Formalized political military and ideological alliance by signing a ten year pact of steel
- Indicates strong links between Italian and German Facism

Question 50

German National Socialism

Answer 50

Became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1921

National socialism (nazi movement) began in 1923 when Hutler attempted to overthrow democratic Weminar Republic that had replaced the German Empire in 1919
- Resulted Hitlers being put in jail and Nazi movement and leader descended into obscurity until 1924 when he was released and used new tactics
- Followed on a path of legality → won power through ballot box

National Socialism made rapid gains after 1929
- Hitler attracted disillusioned people who felt alienated from society and frightened by a socialist revolution

People blamed German misfortunes of the weak treaty of versailles → made them responsible for reparations and causing the Great War
- Wiped out the savings of middle class

Hitler proposed to fix economic problems through racial and anti semitic doctrines

Great depression lead to bloody fights, shaking foundation of democracy, and the discovery of the Nazi Party, which became the largest in the parliament
Paul von Hidenburg offered Hitler the chancellorship and turned the republic into a dictatorship

Question 51

Consolidation of power

Answer 51

Under guise of a state of national emergency → Nazi able to impose their rule through any means necessary
- Eliminating working class and liberal opposition
- Suppressed German communist and Socialist parties
- Abrogated virtually all constitutional and civil rights
- Outlawed all other political parties, made it a crime to create a new party and made the National Socialist party the only legal party

1933-1935 - replaced federal structure with centralizes state that eliminated autonomy exercised by the state
Guided destruction oftrade unions and elimination and collective bargaining
Prohibited strikes and lockouts

Question 52

Racial State

Answer 52

Translated racial superiority and purity when in power
- Leaders of third reich pursued the creation of a race based nations, community by improving the quality of the German “race”
- Came with the idea that there was no room for the “racially inferior” or “biologically outsiders”

Hitler perception of Jews began with wider racists view of world based on the superiority of the white race and inequality between inferior other races
- This aligns with theory of social darwinism – applied the biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest alleged social and political realities of human society

Paralleling with eugenics - aimed at improving the genetic quality of the gene pool
- First formulated in Sir Francis Galton’s book Hereditary Genius in 1883
- Positive eugenics aimed to increase reproduction whereas negative eugenics aimed to decrease reproduction
- Supported by woodrow wilson, margaret Sanger and Emile Zola
- Infamous practitioner was Adolf Hitler

Question 53

Women and Race

Answer 53

Launched a campaign to increase births of racially valuable children
- Regulated women to primary role of wife and mother
- Used tax credits, special child allowances, and marriage loans to increase marriages and therefore, reproduction
- Rewrote divorce laws so a husband can divorce if hisnwife is sterile
- Outlawed abortion, closed birth control centers, restricted birth control devices, and made family planning info hard to access
- Made pronatalist (to increase births) propaganda
- August 12 gave women who bore children Honor Cross of the German Mother

In the long run these efforts failed

Question 54

Nazu Eugenics

Answer 54

Rulers obsessed with quality of offspring
- Initiated a compulsory sterilization program for men and women who has “hereditarily determined” sicknesses
- Schizophrenia, feeblemindedness, manic depression, blindness, ect.
- Sanctioned abortions of the “hereditary ill” and “racial aliens”

Mania for racial health cumulated state sponsored euthanasia program
- Between 1939 and 1945 the Nazis systematically killed 200,000 men women and children

Served as a precursor to the wholesale extermination of people classified as racial inferiors
Jews and Roma (Gypsies)