History Test 1 Flashcards
What were the German public’s opinions on the allies?
Some working class people were ok with the allies because they didn’t want to fight anymore.
But the majority still hated the allies. Pro army, pro Kaiser.
What were the German public’s opinions on the Kaiser?
The working class want to Kaiser gone!
The rich people like Kaiser.
Germany was very divided in 1918.
Who was the Kaiser during this time period?
Wilhen II
What were the German public’s opinions on Friedrich Ebert?
He listened to the poor and ran Germany smoothly (for a time at least). He have everyone a voice which made him popular with the lower-class people. But he was still trying to cooperate with the rich to keep everything balanced.
Some thought he shouldn’t have surrendered because most germans believed that they were winning.
What were the German army’s opinions?
There was mixed opinions. Some believed that the allies were friends, not enemies and wanted the war to stop. Others believed that the Kaiser had made them lose. However, some of the soldiers liked the monarchy’s system and were pro Kaiser.
Where was the Weimar Republic located?
In Weimar, NOT BERLIN. Because Berlin was too dangerous.
What type of government was the Weimar Republic?
A Republic, NOT MONARCHY.
When was the Weimar Republic’s first election?
January 19th, 1919
What percent turnout did the Weimar Republic get?
An 82% turnout.
What kind of parties gained the most seats in the Weimar Republic?
Moderate parties gained the most seats
What kind of representation did the Weimar Republic use?
Proportional Representation
What did each of the states have during the Weimar Republic?
18 states had their own parliament that could pass laws. They also had their own police force.
What people were opposed to the Weimar Republic?
Rich people, judges, some soldiers (not good because soldiers have GUNS), Junkers (Prussian garland owners with a LOT of POWER)
The president in the Weimar government.
Elections for the president (head of state) took place every 7 years
The chancellor in the Weimar government.
Appointed by the president from the members of the Reichstag. Must hold the support of the Reichstag majority
The Reichstag in the Weimar government
Political parties allotted seats according to the percentage of
votes gained - proportional representation
The German people during the Weimar government
All adult men and women had the vote
State governments during the Weimar government
Were kept but had more limited power and could be overruled by national government
What was article 48
In an emergency, the president held powers to pass laws without Reichstag approval
How did parties get seats in government?
They got seats based on the % of votes they got –> 10% of votes meant 10% of seats
Examples of the extreme left
KPD (communists), USPD (independent socialists)
Examples of the moderate left
SPD (social Democratic Party), DDP (Democratic Party)
Examples of centre in government
ZP (center party)
Examples of moderate right
DVP (people’s party), DNVP (national party)
Examples of the extreme right
NSDAP (Nazis - founded 1920)
What did the Germans expect after WW1?
To be punished, but not severely. They thought all countries should take responsibility. In January 1918 Germany had been offered surrender terms on on the 14 points and they expected something similar.
What does GARGLE stand for?
Guilt, Arms, Reparations, German Territory, League of Nations, Extra
What does the first G in GARGLE mean and what does it say?
Guilt. Article 231 (war guilt clause). Germany had to accept blame for starting the war.
What does the A in GARGLE mean and what does it say?
Arms. 100,000 soldiers, 6 battleships, no Air Force, no submarines, no tanks. No conscription.
What does the R in GARGLE mean and what does it say?
Reparations. 6.6 billion pounds (136,000 millions marks)
What does the second G in GARGLE mean and what does it say?
German territory. Alsace Lorraine to France, Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium, Polish Corridor to Poland, North Schleswig to Denmark, Rhineland to DMZ. Colonies to League of Nations.
What does the L in GARGLE mean and what does it say?
League of Nations. Formed, but Germany not included.
What does the E in GARGLE mean and what does it say?
Extra. Baltic states given independence. No ANSCHULUSS with Austria allowed.
What did Clemenceau want from Germany after WWI?
He was French. DESTRUCTION of Germany and compensation so that Germany couldn’t attack France again. (it had been the 2nd time the germans had invaded France in his lifetime so he’d already had a hatred of Germany before)
What did Lloyed-Goerge want from Germany after WWI?
He wad British. He wanted to “squeeze Germany” but not really. He wanted compensation but economic ruin since Germany were England’s trading partners. He also wanted a limited military but not too low so that France couldn’t get too powerful.
What did Wilson want from Germany after WWI? What were his 14 points?
He was from the USA. He was a racist. He wanted “world peace”. He didn’t want to be too harsh on Germany, he wanted to give them a chance to fix themselves.
Some of the 14 points: self-determination, free seas, no colonies, no secret treaties, League of Nations, disarmament
What did Germany call the treaty of Versailles?
“diktat”
What did the public of Gemany call the government when they heard about the terms of the treaty? (especially towards Ebert)
“November Criminals”
What were the views of the left and right in Germany?
Left: Wants a revolution like in Russia. The main party was the communists party (KPD). Believed all people should be equal.
Right: Wanted a strong automotive government, liked the Kaiser and wanted someone like him back. Main party: National Party (DNVP)
What happened on 5 January 1919?
Spartacist uprising
What happened on 15 January 1919
Rosa Luxemburg killed
What happened in June 1919?
Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for the war and the allies imposed the terms of the treaty
What happened in March 1920
Kapp Putsch
What happened on 6 June 1920
Elections showed less support for moderate political parties
What was occupied during the Spartacists Uprising?
Headquarters of the government newspaper and telephone offices
Who led the Spartacists Uprising?
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
How did the Weimar government manage to shut down the Spartacists Uprising?
They turned to the Freikorps.
Who were the freikorps?
Demobilized soldiers from WWI. They hated communism and supported the Kaiser.
Consequences for the communists after the Spartacists uprising.
Bad reputation for trying to start a revolution. Lost their leaders. BUT they showed their message and made their names known.
Consequences for the Weimar government after the Spartacists uprising.
They stopped the revolution in 10 days! BUT the Freikorps now have too much power, they could fight the government. So, they cannot annoy the right for fear of revolution, and they were losing supporters from the left.
What happened during the Kapp Putsch?
Ebert tried disband the Freikorps. Then, the Freikorps marched into Berlin and declared Wolfgang Kapp the new leader of Germany.
Kapp was…___
an extreme nationalist (right wing)
Where did Kapp flee to after the Kapp Putsch?
Sweden and later on got cancer
How did the Kapp Putsch end?
Ebert returned and the Freikorps were disbanded.
Why did the army refuse to stop the Freikorps?
because they probably have friends that they served with the army, also, they don’t really like the Weimar government. They’d much rather have a Kaiser.
Why did there people of Berlin go on strike and not back Kapp?
There were lots of working class people supporting the government. They don’t like extremists, they like having a say!
