History Test 1

Question 1

When did Australia’s first migrants arrive?

Answer 1

January 1788

Question 2

Who was in command of the first fleet?

Answer 2

Governor Arthur Phillip

Question 3

Where did the first fleet arrive initially?

Answer 3

Botany Bay

Question 4

Where was the first European settlement?

Answer 4

On Port Jackson’s shore (Sydney Cove)

Question 5

Why did the British settle in Australia?

Answer 5

The main reason for a British settlement in Australia was to provide a place of punishment where convicts could be sent.

Question 6

Why did the British map Australia?

Answer 6

To make sure, parts of Australia didn’t become established settlements of other countries
The colonial government realised that it was important to fill in the gaps on the map as a first step to planning where new settlements could be established.
Settlements around the coastline would help Britain lay claim to the whole continent. Being at war with France gave an added pressure to British exploration.

Question 7

First area explored by British

Answer 7

The area around Port Jackson was the first area to be explored and the Hawkesbury River and Coal River (later Newcastle) had also been explored in the early years of the settlement.

Question 8

When was the charting of Australia’s coastline complete?

Answer 8

It was in 1803 (15 years after the arrival of the First Fleet) before the charting of the continent’s coastline was completed,

Question 9

When was the mapping of Australia’s coastline published?

Answer 9

It was not until 1814 that these maps were formally published

Question 10

List the difficulties the British faced in Australia

Answer 10

At first, convicts and marines struggled to survive.
The soil was poor, the climate was different to England and few of the convicts had proper farming experience.
Some settlers had success along the Nepean-Hawkesbury River at Windsor where the soil was better, but floods destroyed crops

Question 11

What helped develop the wool and sheep industry?

Answer 11

But the crossing of the Blue Mountains in 1815 helped develop the wheat and sheep industry from the 1820s on.

Question 12

How long have Aborigines inhabited Australia?

Answer 12

For over 50 000 years

Question 13

Define terra nullius

Answer 13

Land belonging to no-one.

Question 14

How was language, beliefs, practices and knowledge conveyed from generation to generation?

Answer 14

Through song, art, stories and dance.

Question 15

Define dreaming

Answer 15

The stories and beliefs concerning the creation of the world

Question 16

Estimated aboriginal population

Answer 16

300 000 to 700 000

Question 17

Estimated language number pre colonisation

Answer 17

They were distributed across the continent in some 250 different language groups.

Question 18

List the consequences of Aboriginal and European contact

Answer 18

Government policies aimed to isolate aboriginal communities
Disruption to life (socially & culturally)
Massacres
Loss of land (dispossession)
imported diseases (death)
Introduction of alcohol (no knowledge of it & had not built up social restraints to limit its effects)
widespread suffering and death

Question 19

What did the Europeans believe the Aborigines would do if they took land?

Answer 19

For them it seemed that the Aboriginal Australians just moved over the land (nomadic lifestyle); and believed that if the Europeans took some land, the Aborigines could just as easily move somewhere else

Question 20

Describe European Society

Answer 20

The Europeans believed that one could not distinguish between the practice of the Christian religion on one hand and their civilisation on the other.
They spoke of ‘Christianity’ and ‘civilisation’ as being one and the same thing.
They believed that their technological superiority in things like guns and ships, the knowledge of which had been built from many generations and many civilisations, made them superior.
They also had a different view of the land. The land was there for them to exploit and was something they could own; a piece of paper called a ‘title’ was proof of this ownership. They saw fences as a means to private ownership and if this did not exist, there was no private ownership.

Question 21

Four major non-european groups that lived in Australia

Answer 21

These included: 
Afghans 
Chinese 
Japanese
South Sea Islanders

Question 22

Who were the Afghans

Answer 22

Although the men were given the collective name of Ghans, as a shortened form of Afghanistan, they came from a wide region of south Asia and the Middle East — ranging from Turkey in the west to India in the east

Question 23

When were the first afghans brought?

Describe the increase of afghan numbers in Australia

Answer 23

Eighteen Afghans were brought out in 1838, but the industry really got underway when a pastoralist, Joseph Stuckey, brought out 100 camels and 31 cameleers in 1866.
Numbers continued to increase and, in 1884, another 300 camels and 56 cameleers were brought out.

Question 24

What jobs did the afghans do?

Answer 24

Besides controlling the camels, these men:
Transported goods to mines, towns and across long distances
Worked on projects like the Overland Telegraph line, which was from Adelaide to Darwin, completed in 1872.
Accompanied and assisted explorers (guides on expeditions)
Located water sources

Question 25

Location of largest Afghan settlement

Answer 25

The largest settlement of Afghans was in Marree, in central eastern South Australia.

Question 26

How did the location of the largest afghan settlement affect the transportation of goods?

Answer 26

Goods were brought here from Port Augusta in the south and then transported across desert tracks to places such as Oodnadatta to the north-west and Birdsville in the north

Question 27

Religion of Afghans

Answer 27

Majority were muslim

Question 28

First mosque Australia

Answer 28

Australia’s first mosque was built in Marree in 1861.

Question 29

Oldest surviving mosque

Answer 29

The Adelaide mosque which was erected in 1888-89.

Question 30

How were the afghans treated?

Answer 30

The cameleers were respected by those they worked with, but in the towns, they were isolated from the Europeans.

Buried in a separate cemetery from Europeans
Neither group were welcome in town after dark
Not allowed to share facilities like swimming baths or pubs.
forced to live on the opposite side of the train tracks in camps away from the white population.
Marriage in a mosque was not recognized and illegal.
If an Afghan married an Aboriginal woman and had children, their children would be taken away and never allowed to see them again (because of their Aboriginality).

Question 31

Jobs performed by Chinese in Aus prior to gold rushes

Answer 31

They came as indentured labourers — having to work to pay off the cost of their voyage.

Question 32

Number of chinese in Aus

Answer 32

Several thousand Chinese had come to Australia prior to the Gold Rushes of the 1850s. The gold rushes in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 led to a new wave of Chinese migrants.
By 1857 there were 25 000 Chinese in Australia and this soon rose to 50 000, a number that then remained fairly constant.

Question 33

Were the Chinese treated harshly?

Answer 33

Generally, they were left alone to live in their own communities; but when things became difficult on the goldfields, they became a convenient target to turn on.

Question 34

What happened in early 1857 in gold history?

Answer 34

In early 1857, a group of Chinese prospectors in the Ararat region discovered the richest alluvial goldfield in Australia’s history — it produced five tons of gold in the first six months.

Question 35

What happened at the lambing flat uprising?

Answer 35

The Chinese were brutally beaten by the European miners. None of the Chinese were killed. This happened as the Chinese were way different than the Europeans and that they gambled and smoked opium. Their animosity fuelled with resentment and wild rumours led to the riots.

Question 36

List the repercussions of the lambing flat uprising

Answer 36

Three of the leaders of the riot were arrested by police. In retaliation, about 1000 miners stormed the police camp on 14 July. The police broke this up with gunfire. One rioter died and many were wounded. Reinforcements of police, soldiers and sailors were then sent to the goldfields and two of the riot leaders were tried and jailed.

Question 37

Define roll ups

Answer 37

Mass meetings held by European miners which resulted in the eviction of Chinese miners from sections of the field.

Question 38

List examples of respected Chinese people

Answer 38

Mei Quong Tart (1850–1903) and William Ah Ket (1876–1936)

Question 39

Where did the Japanese people work?

Answer 39

Initially, the pearl industry started in the Torres Strait, where the waters were shallow enough that the divers — mostly Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people — could dive by holding their breath.
But as pearl shells in shallow waters were fished out, divers had to go deeper.
At this time there was no diving equipment such as helmets with an air supply. After the 1900s equipment was created to facilitate diving further out.
The Japanese were experts here.

Question 40

Number of japanese in Aus

Answer 40

The first recorded Japanese diver arrived in the Torres Strait in 1876, and by 1898 they outnumbered the European population in the region.
Over time, the Japanese had their own pearling ships, and by 1897 around one-third of the Thursday Island fleet was run by Japanese people.
In Broome, at the start of the twentieth century, there were over 1000 workers

Question 41

Why were the japanese in high demand

Answer 41

They were noted for their energy and endurance, working from dawn till dusk, making up to 50 dives a day and staying at sea for up to four months.

Question 42

The role of japanese people in Aus

Answer 42

The Japanese in the Pearl Industry were so profitable that when the White Australia policy was introduced at Federation, restricting Asian immigration, an exception was made for the Japanese pearl divers
Other Japanese became involved in a variety of trading activities. For example, one Japanese businessman, Fusajiro Kanematsu, established a company that eventually controlled much of the trade of Australian wool to Japan.
Many Japanese married Australians and raised families here. One of these, the Nakashiba family, ran a store in Cairns that sold local and imported goods, making an important contribution to the wealth of the town.

Question 43

Was pearl diving dangerous?

Answer 43

There were a thousand names legible on tombstones in the Japanese cemetery at Broome. Half of them died in their twenties. Many other names will have been lost. Conditions were so bad that the Japanese Government periodically tried to discourage recruitment.

Question 44

Purpose of south sea islanders for british

Answer 44

In the 1860s, the Queensland colonial government found a new source of cheap labour in the islands of the South Pacific.
At first, young men (and sometimes boys as young as nine) were brought from the New Hebrides and Fiji, and later from other South Pacific islands.

Question 45

What were the south sea islanders called?

Answer 45

Irrespective of where they came from, they were given the derogatory name ‘kanaka’, a general word for ‘man’ in some South Pacific languages.

Question 46

How did the British get the South Sea Islanders to Australia?

Answer 46

Some may have been encouraged to come by promises of guns or money, but others were coerced or tricked by means of brutal and mean methods of capture.

Question 47

List examples of brutal and mean methods used to bring the South Sea Islanders to Australia

Answer 47

Natives were encouraged to come to the recruiting vessel for trade and afterwards while they weren’t suspicious, they were overpowered and taken below the hatches purposed to prevent their escape.
Their canoes were run down and many of the struggling natives picked up and clapped below the hatches
Their boats were upset by an heavy object being thrown onto them when they reached the side of the ship.

Question 48

Purpose of South Sea Islanders in Australia

Answer 48

They were first brought to work on cotton plantations in southern Queensland when the supply of cotton was threatened by the American Civil War, and later to work on the sugar plantations in northern Queensland.

Question 49

Role of south sea islanders

Answer 49

South Sea Islanders contributed to the growth of the Queensland economy not just through their work on sugar plantations but also in other key industries such as farming and grazing, mining and the development of railways.

Question 50

South sea experiences of Australia

Answer 50

Their work conditions were harsh and living conditions very poor. As a result, by the early 1880s, the death rate among these workers was five times that of the European population.

Question 51

How do you determine the usefulness of a source

Answer 51

You remember your five step source analysis: (OCPVL)
Origin
Content/Context
Purpose (Agenda/Audience/Perspective)
Values
Limitations
=How useful the source is

Question 52

When did cook discover Australia?

Answer 52

August 1770

Question 53

Why did some aboriginal massacres occur?

Answer 53

When an aboriginal had done something morally wrong, taking it as an excuse, Europeans would go out and massacre as many aboriginals as they could resulting in numerous massacres occurring around the continent.

Question 54

Were there any settler colonies in Australia?

Answer 54

Perth and Adelaide were settler colonies