History Terms March 7th Flashcards
Jubilee
A special year of remission of sins and universal pardon in the Catholic Church, first instituted by Pope Boniface VIII in 1300.
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope from 1294-1303, known for conflicts with Philip IV of France and issuing the Unam Sanctam decree asserting papal supremacy.
Benedetto Caetani
Birth name of Pope Boniface VIII before he became pope.
Pope Celestine V
A hermit pope who abdicated in 1294, leading to the election of Boniface VIII.
Papal Bull
An official document or edict issued by the Pope, often concerning doctrine or governance.
Avignon
City in France where the papacy was based (1309–1377), leading to the “Avignon Papacy.”
Pope Clement V
The first pope to reside in Avignon, known for suppressing the Templars.
Clericos Laicos (1296)
A papal bull by Boniface VIII forbidding secular rulers from taxing clergy without papal consent.
Unam Sanctam (1302)
A papal decree asserting papal supremacy over secular rulers.
Excommunication
The act of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Catholic Church.
Edward I
King of England (1272–1307), known for wars in Scotland and Wales and legal reforms.
Edward II
King of England (1307–1327), deposed due to military failures and favoritism toward Piers Gaveston and the Despensers.
Piers Gaveston
The favored courtier and possible lover of Edward II, executed by English barons.
Isabella of France
Queen of England, wife of Edward II, who helped depose him with Roger Mortimer.
Philip IV (“Philip the Fair”)
King of France (1285–1314), clashed with Boniface VIII, dissolved the Knights Templar.
Philip V
King of France (1316–1322), maintained his father’s policies and upheld Salic Law.
Salic Law
A French law barring women from inheriting the throne, impacting the Hundred Years’ War.
Charles IV
The last Capetian king of France (1322–1328), whose death without a male heir led to the Hundred Years’ War.
Edward III
King of England (1327–1377), claimed the French throne, initiating the Hundred Years’ War.
Philip IV
First Valois king of France, opponent of Edward III in the Hundred Years’ War.
David II
King of Scotland (1329–1371), fought against English domination.
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
Led opposition against Edward II; executed after the Battle of Boroughbridge.
Roger Mortimer
Lover of Isabella of France, helped overthrow Edward II, later executed.
Hugh Despenser
Favorite of Edward II, executed after the king’s deposition
Robert Bruce
Scottish king (1306–1329), led Scotland to independence from England.
Lord Ordainers
A group of barons who sought to limit Edward II’s power through the Ordinances of 1311.
Ordinances of 1311
Laws restricting Edward II’s power, targeting his favorites like Piers Gaveston.
Battle of Bannockburn (1314)
A major Scottish victory led by Robert Bruce against England.
Battle of Boroughbridge (1322)
Edward II’s forces defeated rebel barons, leading to Thomas of Lancaster’s execution.
Templars
A powerful medieval military order accused of heresy and disbanded by Philip IV.
Jacques de Molay
The last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, burned at the stake in 1314.
Auto de fe
A ritual of public penance for heretics, often associated with the Spanish Inquisition.
Black Death
The devastating pandemic (1347–1351) that killed millions in Europe.
Kaffa
A Genoese trading post where the Black Death may have spread from the Mongols to Europe.
Crimea
The region where the Black Death is believed to have entered Europe.
Bubonic Plague
The most common form of plague during the Black Death, spread by fleas.
Yersinia pestis
The bacterium that causes plague.
Feudalism
The medieval social structure where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for service.
Serf
A peasant tied to a lord’s land, with limited freedoms.
Serfdom
The system where peasants were bound to work on their lord’s land.
Primogeniture
The right of the firstborn son to inherit land and titles.
Plague foci
Areas where the plague persisted and resurged over time.
Flagellants
Religious zealots who self-punished to atone for sins, believing it would end the plague.
Macabre
An artistic and literary theme focusing on death and the grotesque.
Danse macabre
A medieval artistic theme depicting skeletons dancing, symbolizing death’s universality.
Jacquerie (1358)
A French peasant revolt against noble oppression during the Hundred Years’ War.
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
A major uprising against taxation and feudal oppression in England.
Wat Tyler
Leader of the English Peasants’ Revolt, killed in negotiations with the king.
John Wyclif
English theologian who criticized the Church and translated the Bible into English.
Lollards
Followers of Wyclif who promoted church reform and vernacular scripture.
Eucharist
The Christian sacrament of Communion, involving bread and wine.
Transubstantiation
The Catholic belief that the Eucharistic bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ.
Jan Hus
Czech reformer who criticized the Church and was burned at the stake.
Hussite Rebellion
A series of religious wars in Bohemia following Hus’s execution.
