History Terms Flashcards
Augusto Pinochet
He was a Chilean army general who led the coup against the left wing president Allende, with support of the U.S. C.I.A., on (9/11/1973) then he took dictatorial control of Chile. He was an anti-socialist, he was involved in operation condor/ the kidnappings of leftist, he killed people associated with popular unity; strongly anti-communist.
Alliance for progress
An alliance between Latin America and the U.S. created by the U.S. president John F. Kennedy in response to the Cuban Revolution in 1961. It’s purpose was to stimulate economic development and political reform to reduce revolutionary pressures. Mainly to prevent any Cubas from happening in Latin America, but by 1970 the Alliance for progress had failed.
Article 27
An article from the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Created by an urban and middle-class group, so called constitutionalists. The article reclaimed all mineral rights for the nation. It also was a way for villages to recover common lands (ejidos), and also for great estates to be divided among landless peasants. It made way for Cárdenas to expropriate oil in 1938 which then led to the creation of the national oil company PEMEX.
Castas
Fixed categories in which Iberian crowns sorted the people of Latin America into, as a way of expressing their control over the people, (16’th-17’th centuries). It was a type of race system that people fought against, like father Hidalgo, and father Morelos. Mexican Revolution. Land reform~need for unity, incorporating lower castas.
Científicos
(1876-1911) Mexican dictator, Porfirio Diaz’s technocratic advisors that studied in the positivist “science” of government, they looked to Europe as a model and were concerned about making money. They advocated for liberalism, racist policies, foreign investment, and they built upon European policies.
Desaparecidos
People who were disappeared/killed by members of the armed services for being a liberal, thought to be a threat or accused of being a communist. This “dirty war” was happening throughout Latin America in the 1960’s-1980’s. (I.e. Argentina- Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo)
Dirty War
A result from the Soviet Union’s actions. It was a war in the 1960’s-1970’s between L.A. Armed forces and the people of L.A.; mostly in Argentina. The army basically disappeared/killed anyone suspected of being a communist, or anyone they deemed a threat. This “dirty war” was supported by the U.S., they gave aid to L.A.’s militaries, even trained their troops. JFK created the Alliance for Progress to try to ease the revolutionary tension. In Argentina Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo rose up in protest, and were fighting to bring attention to Argentina’s dirty war. But these dirty wars were going on throughout Latin America as we witnessed in the Romero movie.
Efraín Ríos Montt
A general in the Guatemalan Army, Ríos Montt came to public office through a coup d’état in 1982. He had support of the C.I.A., and he was involved in operation condor, he opposed and fought against communism.
Ejido
An area of communal land used for agriculture, on which community members individually possess and farm a specific parcel. The ejido system can be traced as far back as the Aztecs, but it the system has been changing over the years. It is an important component of the land reform program in Mexico around the 1900’s.
Estado Novo
An authoritarian government implemented by the Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas. (1937-45) it dissolved all legislative bodies, and banned political parties. It ran off of nationalism, it celebrated race mixing, Brazilians embrace Gilberto Freyre’s unifying message of celebrating their African heritage.
Fulgencio Batista
He was a sergeant in the Cuban army who led the overthrowing against Cuba’s previous government in 1933. He then assumed power and was allowed to run Cuba as a client state of the U.S. for decades. He was seen as an agent of imperialism in Fidel Castro’s eyes, as well as in the eyes of Raúl, Fidel’s brother, an d Che, their accomplice.
Generation of ‘37
An Argentine literary group who wrote some of the earliest Argentine literary works, and they didn’t really care for Juan Manuel de Rosas; they were often racist. They had ideals of liberalism and European culture. One of its members was Juan Bautista Alberdi, who encouraged European immigration. Liberal slogan became “Gobernar es poblar” “To govern is to populate” Later, they became fully Unitarians. They wanted to transform the Argentine people, culturally through education, and physically through European immigration.
Gilberto Freyre
An anthropologist, socialist, congressman from the time of the Estado Novo in 1933, who had the unifying message that Brazil’s African heritage created Brazil’s distinctive national identity. He wrote, “The masters and the slaves,” a revolutionary book for race and culture. His goal was to develop a sense of national pride and acceptance of national diversity.
Good Neighbor Policy
A policy announced by FDR in 1933, which swore off military intervention throughout Latin America. The Roosevelt administration expected that it would create new economic opportunities for the United States in Latin America.
“History Will Absolve Me”
The concluding sentence of Fidel Castro’s four-hour speech given on October 16,1953 in his own defense in court when he was charged for leading an attack on the Moncada Barracks.
