History-T Flashcards
Problems Henry faced post-Bosworth
- Yorkist opposition
- Needed noble support
- Needed money to fight rebellion
- Weak claim
- No experience
- No wife…no heir=weak
How did he secure his position in the ST?
- Act of resumption
- Applied for papal dispensation to marry EofY
- Truce with France extended to 1489
- Truce with Scotland 1486
Henry VII’s policy towards the nobility
- Size of nobility -Acts of attainder
- Patronage -Bonds + Recognisances
- Order of the Garter -Retaining
- Council -Crown lands
- Great council
Ordinary Revenue
- Crown land -Profits of Justice
- Customs duties
- Feudal dues
Extraordinary Revenue
- Parliamentary grants -Clerical taxes
- Tenths + Fifteenths -Feudal obligations
- Loan -The French Pension
- Benevolences - Bonds + recon.
Court of Star Chamber
1487- (Act to create it)
Henry VIII’s coronation
+ Marriage to Catherine of Aragon
1509
League of Cambrai
1509
Anglo-Spanish deal to attack France
1511
Holy League against France
1511
First French War
1512- 1514
1513
- Capture of Therouanne
- Battle of the Spurs
- Defeat of the Scots at Flodden (death of James IV of Scotland)
- Capture of the Tournai
Anglo-French peace treaty
1514
Treaty of London
1518
1520
- Henry met Charles V in England
- Field of Cloth of Gold
- Henry met Charles at Calais
Second French War
1522- 1525
Anglo-French treaty of the More
1525
FP Henry VIII
Battle of Solway Moss (1542)
- 24th November 1542
- Many of Scottish army fled or surrendered.
- James V in Edinburgh at time of battle + died a fortnight after supposedly due to the distress caused.
FP Henry VIII
3rd French Campaign (1542)
(WITHOUT Wolsey)
- The Siege of Boulogne
- English moved from Pale of Calais to Boulogne + laid siege to town.
- Led by Duke of Suffolk, Henry eventually joined siege.
- English dug tunnels under castle at B. =French surrendered.
FP Henry VIII
Accession of Charles
(Spain)
(HRE)
- HRE + King of Spain
- Archduke of Austria
- Inherited the Hasburg Empire
- Eventually abdicated power to his brother + son before retiring to join a monastry.
- Mother= Johanna of Castille
- Father= Phillip of Burgundy
- Aunt= Catherine of Aragon
FP Henry VIII
Battle of Flodden (1513)
(WITH Wolsey)
- Whilst Henry led Battle of Spurs in France…
- James IV of Scotland launched invasion on England
- English army led by Earl of Surrey = nominally led by Cath of Aragon
- Fought at Flodden Field
- James IV + most of nobles killed 10,000 Scotsmen (English Victory)
FP Henry VIII
Reasons for FP failure
- Over-reliance on Wolsey to lead policy (Wolsey vs Henry)
- 3rd rate power
- Inconsistent aims/ unrealistic aims
- Alliances failed- Spain + Netherlands
- Over-estimated financial strength- Amicable grant
- Lack of Domestic support
- Domestic issues- Reformation
FP Henry VIII
Accession of Francis I (1515)
- Crowned King of France- 1st January 1515
- Knighted following foreign victory
- Re-bought Tournai from Henry VIII.
FP Henry VIII
League of cambrai (1510)
(WITH Wolsey)
- Formed 1508
- Alliance:Current Pope, HRE, France + England Ferdinand II of Aragon.
- Alliance against Turks to attack Republic of Venice.
- Collapsed in 1510- When Pope switched sides + Ferdinand became neutral + eventually switched too.
FP Henry VIII
(1513) Battle of the Spurs
(WITH Wolsey)
- OR: Battle of Guinegate/ 1st French Campaign
- 1 of first battles forming the War of the League of Cambrai.
- Offensive attack against France by Henry VIII.
- 30,000 men crossed channel to Calais, headed to Paris, captured: Tournai + Therouarine.
FP Henry VIII
Treaty of London (1518)
(WITH Wolsey)
- Pope Leo X had been calling for action against the Turks…
- Created by Wolsey as a peace settlement involving England, France, Spain, the Papacy + the Empire against the Turks (Christian powers united).
- Meant those involved couldn’t launch attacks on each other, + if any of them were attacked the attackers would be dealt with. (COLLAPSES in months).
Rebellions Henry VII
What was the Cornish Rebellion?
- Tax levied to defend Scottish boarder (Cornwall unhappy- not near North).
- Rebels moved to London.
- Blackheath- met by King’s forces- 1000 killed.
- SAME TIME AS- threat from James IV + Warbeck.
Rebellion Henry VII
What was the Warbeck Rebellion?
- Perkin Warbeck- Impersonated Richard Duke of York (prince from tower)
- Taken to Ireland
- 1492-France received by Charles VIII as a prince.
- M of Burgundy-(sent to her) + trained for Yorkist court.
- 1493- Archduke Phillip given control of BUrg.
- W. welcomed to HRE into Maximillian’s court.
- Fled to Scotland + married King James’ cousin.
Rebellions Henry VII
Why did the Yorkshire Rebellion fail
- Bad leadership from John Egremont.
- Mild threat level- Policy based not an attempt to kill the King.
- Contained in the North.
Rebellions Henry VII
What was the Yorkshire Rebellion?
- Parl. granted Henry £100,000 tax to aid defence of Brittany.
- Bad harvests in Yorkshire… they struggled to pay this.
- Resentment due to starvation = the fact that some northern countries did not have to pay as they already paid for defence against Scots. (e.g. Northumberland)
- King’s envoy sent, then killed by John Egremont (leader)- Bad leadership=defeat
- J.E fled to Flanders, most rebels pardoned + only £27,000 collected.
Rebellions Henry VII
Why did the Lovell rebellion fail?
- April 1486- Henry went on a tour of the North.
- Spies pursued L + the Staffords- Henry moved north to York to suppress the rebellion with large armed force.
- Jasper Tudor sent to Yorkshire promising to pardon all but L
- L was not a Yorkist claimant…rebels quickly disbanded.
- L + Staffords only minor nobles.
- Quickly dealt with.
- No foreign backing.
rebellions Henry VII
What was the Lovell rebellion?
- Lovell-Friend of Richard III + councillor to him, fought at Bosworth, L + Staffords fled to sanctuary in Colchester abbey after Bos.
- April 1486- left + tried to raise rebellion.
- FAILED-…L fled to Margaret of B.
- L then returned to England to assist in the Simnel Rebellion
- Fought at Stoke + not seen again.
Rebellions Henry VII
What were the rebellions that occurred during Henry VII’s reign?
- Simnel Rebellion- 1486-1487
- Lovell Rebellion- 1486
- Yorkshire Rebellion- 1489
- Warbeck Rebellion- 1491-1499
- Cornwall Rebellion- 1497
Post-Bosworth Henry VII (1485)
1) Not officially crowned
- Crowned 30th October 1485
- Lavish affair-aimed to surpass that of Richard.
- Parl. not called until after the coronation.
Post-Bosworth Henry VII (1485)
2) Reward for supporters
- Avoided rewarding too much land…subjects can’t become too powerful + he wouldn’t lose as much of his income.
- (Uncle)Jasper Tudor-Given titles e.g. duke of bedford…
- Sir William stanley-Role of Lord Chamberlain.
Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)
3) Two Royal households
- 18th January 1485- Married Elizabeth of York.
- Not married immediately-Didn’t want to weaken claim.
- Married-off her sisters to Lancastrians-(even older sister already married- forced to get an annulment + remarry).
- Allowed other Yorkists to swear allegiance.
Post-Bos Henry VII (1485)
4) Opponents- nobility/punishments
- If too harsh-could turn against him.
- If too lenient- too weak.
- Under 1/4 of temporal lords fought against him + from those many died in battle.
- Earl of Surrey+ E. of Northumberland- Prison sentences- BUT later released.
- Pre-dated reign to before Bos…. could imprison some + could take land off others.
Post-Bos. Henry VII
5) Other Yorkist Claimants
- earl of warwick (10yrs old at time)-Richard III’s nephew- sent to Tower to live (in relative comfort).
- Earl of Lincoln/John de la Pole (Allowed to swear loyalty + join council-later-).
Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)
6) Usurper Image
- March 1486
- Toured country + used Propaganda to glorify new reign.
Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)
7) No heir
- Prince Arthur- September 1486
- Margaret
- Henry- 1491
- Mary(NOT SAME MARY)
Post-Bos. Henry VII
8) Recognition from Parl.
- Demonstrated authority by calling 1st Parl. of reign.
- Recognised him as King in their first meeting.
Break with Rome Henry VIII
What were the main reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries?
- Finance
- Patronage + greed.
- Continental influence
- ‘Imperial idea’
- Removal of opponents
Break with Rome Henry VIII
What were the steps of the Break with Rome?
- Act in Restraint of Annates-(MARCH 1532)
- Submission of the clergy-(MAY 1532)
- New Archbishop of Canterbury-(AUGUST 1532)
- Act in Restraint of Appeals-(APRIL 1533)
- Act of Dispensations-(1534)
- Act of Succession-(MARCH 1534)
- Act of Supremacy + Treason Law-(NOVEMBER 1534)
FP Henry VIII
Aims of FP Post-Wolsey
(Post 1529)
- Conquest of France (remains)
- Glory + Fame
- New alliances + opportunities
- Needs new protestant alliances
- Central in Europe
- Avoid invasion (Spain)
- Pacification of Scotland-(e.g. Battle of Solway Moss)
FP Henry VIII
Aims of FP 1509-1529
(WITH Wolsey)
- Remove threats from Scotland
- Avoid war with France + Spain (W)
- Conquest of France (H)
- England to be central in European affairs (W+H)
- Arbiter of Europe (peacemaker) (W)
- Glory, Fame + Territory (H)
- Alliances (W+H)
FP Henry VIII
1509-1511
Key events of foreign policy
- Becomes King
- Joins Christian campaign
- Joins the League of Cambrai against the Turks.
Govt. Henry VII
Local Govt.
- Regional Councils
- Justices of the Peace
Govt. Henry VII
Financial Courts
-The Exchequer
=received + paid out money
=Audited accounts
=HOWEVER-slow
-The Chamber
Govt. Henry VII
The Equity Courts
-The Court of the Star Chamber =Legal disputes -The Court of the Chancery =estates + ward-ships -The Court of Requests =common law courts, used by lower classes. -The Council Learned in Law =crown lands-small, professional committee defending the King's crown land rights.
Govt. Henry VII
Household
-The Royal Chamber =the charge of meeting the King's personal needs. -Privy Chamber =most influential part of royal household =attending to the King + dressing him. -The Household Proper =Needs of the King + court. -The Royal Household =consisted of around 500 men.
Govt. Henry VII
The Advisory Councils
-The Royal Council
=inner circle of nobility + skilled individuals.
-The Privy Council
=Exclusively men + main govt. group.
-Parliament
=only met on particular occasions + agreed to any legislation requested by the King + the council.
Govt. Henry VII
Common Law
- Laws derived from tradition + previous cases (precedents) rather than official legislation.
- General tudor law system used in legal courts.
Govt. Extra-Ordinary Finance
-Taxes that the King has to request when his ordinary finance is not enough.
=usually only requested in times of crisis or war.
=Parl. must grant these taxes in order for them to be collected.
Govt. Henry VII
Ordinary Finance
Taxes that the King has an automatic right to.
Govt. Henry VII
Feudal rights
-Automatic rights the king assumes upon accession.
=In place + unquestioned since the Middles Ages.
Govt. Henry VII
Feudal Dues
- Money owed to the King because he is the feudal Lord.
- They have been in place and unquestioned since the Middle ages.
Govt. Henry VII/Medieval
Govt. Structure
-Monarch=Personal Govt. _Royal Council (No fixed membership or jobs) + (All other groups/councils get authority from here). _Parl. (massively limited)
Nobility (Control)
Wardship
When a family of nobility only has an infant heir, therefore, the King can take all profit from their estate.
Nobility (Control)
Order of the Garter
England’s highest order of chivalry which included the King and 25 elected knights (a ceremonial title).
Nobility (Control)
Patronage
Gifts from the crown to secure loyalty.
Nobility (Control)
Act of Attainder
A special law passed by Parl. which allowed someone to be declared guilty of treason without a trial.
