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A Levels > History-T > Flashcards

History-T Flashcards

1
Q

Problems Henry faced post-Bosworth

A
  • Yorkist opposition
  • Needed noble support
  • Needed money to fight rebellion
  • Weak claim
  • No experience
  • No wife…no heir=weak
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2
Q

How did he secure his position in the ST?

A
  • Act of resumption
  • Applied for papal dispensation to marry EofY
  • Truce with France extended to 1489
  • Truce with Scotland 1486
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3
Q

Henry VII’s policy towards the nobility

A
  • Size of nobility -Acts of attainder
  • Patronage -Bonds + Recognisances
  • Order of the Garter -Retaining
  • Council -Crown lands
  • Great council
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4
Q

Ordinary Revenue

A
  • Crown land -Profits of Justice
  • Customs duties
  • Feudal dues
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5
Q

Extraordinary Revenue

A
  • Parliamentary grants -Clerical taxes
  • Tenths + Fifteenths -Feudal obligations
  • Loan -The French Pension
  • Benevolences - Bonds + recon.
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6
Q

Court of Star Chamber

A

1487- (Act to create it)

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7
Q

Henry VIII’s coronation

+ Marriage to Catherine of Aragon

A

1509

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8
Q

League of Cambrai

A

1509

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9
Q

Anglo-Spanish deal to attack France

A

1511

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10
Q

Holy League against France

A

1511

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11
Q

First French War

A

1512- 1514

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12
Q

1513

A
  • Capture of Therouanne
  • Battle of the Spurs
  • Defeat of the Scots at Flodden (death of James IV of Scotland)
  • Capture of the Tournai
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13
Q

Anglo-French peace treaty

A

1514

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14
Q

Treaty of London

A

1518

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15
Q

1520

A
  • Henry met Charles V in England
  • Field of Cloth of Gold
  • Henry met Charles at Calais
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16
Q

Second French War

A

1522- 1525

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17
Q

Anglo-French treaty of the More

A

1525

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18
Q

FP Henry VIII

Battle of Solway Moss (1542)

A
  • 24th November 1542
  • Many of Scottish army fled or surrendered.
  • James V in Edinburgh at time of battle + died a fortnight after supposedly due to the distress caused.
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19
Q

FP Henry VIII
3rd French Campaign (1542)
(WITHOUT Wolsey)

A
  • The Siege of Boulogne
  • English moved from Pale of Calais to Boulogne + laid siege to town.
  • Led by Duke of Suffolk, Henry eventually joined siege.
  • English dug tunnels under castle at B. =French surrendered.
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20
Q

FP Henry VIII
Accession of Charles
(Spain)
(HRE)

A
  • HRE + King of Spain
  • Archduke of Austria
  • Inherited the Hasburg Empire
  • Eventually abdicated power to his brother + son before retiring to join a monastry.
  • Mother= Johanna of Castille
  • Father= Phillip of Burgundy
  • Aunt= Catherine of Aragon
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21
Q

FP Henry VIII
Battle of Flodden (1513)
(WITH Wolsey)

A
  • Whilst Henry led Battle of Spurs in France…
  • James IV of Scotland launched invasion on England
  • English army led by Earl of Surrey = nominally led by Cath of Aragon
  • Fought at Flodden Field
  • James IV + most of nobles killed 10,000 Scotsmen (English Victory)
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22
Q

FP Henry VIII

Reasons for FP failure

A
  • Over-reliance on Wolsey to lead policy (Wolsey vs Henry)
  • 3rd rate power
  • Inconsistent aims/ unrealistic aims
  • Alliances failed- Spain + Netherlands
  • Over-estimated financial strength- Amicable grant
  • Lack of Domestic support
  • Domestic issues- Reformation
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23
Q

FP Henry VIII

Accession of Francis I (1515)

A
  • Crowned King of France- 1st January 1515
  • Knighted following foreign victory
  • Re-bought Tournai from Henry VIII.
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24
Q

FP Henry VIII
League of cambrai (1510)
(WITH Wolsey)

A
  • Formed 1508
  • Alliance:Current Pope, HRE, France + England Ferdinand II of Aragon.
  • Alliance against Turks to attack Republic of Venice.
  • Collapsed in 1510- When Pope switched sides + Ferdinand became neutral + eventually switched too.
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25
Q

FP Henry VIII
(1513) Battle of the Spurs
(WITH Wolsey)

A
  • OR: Battle of Guinegate/ 1st French Campaign
  • 1 of first battles forming the War of the League of Cambrai.
  • Offensive attack against France by Henry VIII.
  • 30,000 men crossed channel to Calais, headed to Paris, captured: Tournai + Therouarine.
26
Q

FP Henry VIII
Treaty of London (1518)
(WITH Wolsey)

A
  • Pope Leo X had been calling for action against the Turks…
  • Created by Wolsey as a peace settlement involving England, France, Spain, the Papacy + the Empire against the Turks (Christian powers united).
  • Meant those involved couldn’t launch attacks on each other, + if any of them were attacked the attackers would be dealt with. (COLLAPSES in months).
27
Q

Rebellions Henry VII

What was the Cornish Rebellion?

A
  • Tax levied to defend Scottish boarder (Cornwall unhappy- not near North).
  • Rebels moved to London.
  • Blackheath- met by King’s forces- 1000 killed.
  • SAME TIME AS- threat from James IV + Warbeck.
28
Q

Rebellion Henry VII

What was the Warbeck Rebellion?

A
  • Perkin Warbeck- Impersonated Richard Duke of York (prince from tower)
  • Taken to Ireland
  • 1492-France received by Charles VIII as a prince.
  • M of Burgundy-(sent to her) + trained for Yorkist court.
  • 1493- Archduke Phillip given control of BUrg.
  • W. welcomed to HRE into Maximillian’s court.
  • Fled to Scotland + married King James’ cousin.
29
Q

Rebellions Henry VII

Why did the Yorkshire Rebellion fail

A
  • Bad leadership from John Egremont.
  • Mild threat level- Policy based not an attempt to kill the King.
  • Contained in the North.
30
Q

Rebellions Henry VII

What was the Yorkshire Rebellion?

A
  • Parl. granted Henry £100,000 tax to aid defence of Brittany.
  • Bad harvests in Yorkshire… they struggled to pay this.
  • Resentment due to starvation = the fact that some northern countries did not have to pay as they already paid for defence against Scots. (e.g. Northumberland)
  • King’s envoy sent, then killed by John Egremont (leader)- Bad leadership=defeat
  • J.E fled to Flanders, most rebels pardoned + only £27,000 collected.
31
Q

Rebellions Henry VII

Why did the Lovell rebellion fail?

A
  • April 1486- Henry went on a tour of the North.
  • Spies pursued L + the Staffords- Henry moved north to York to suppress the rebellion with large armed force.
  • Jasper Tudor sent to Yorkshire promising to pardon all but L
  • L was not a Yorkist claimant…rebels quickly disbanded.
  • L + Staffords only minor nobles.
  • Quickly dealt with.
  • No foreign backing.
32
Q

rebellions Henry VII

What was the Lovell rebellion?

A
  • Lovell-Friend of Richard III + councillor to him, fought at Bosworth, L + Staffords fled to sanctuary in Colchester abbey after Bos.
  • April 1486- left + tried to raise rebellion.
  • FAILED-…L fled to Margaret of B.
  • L then returned to England to assist in the Simnel Rebellion
  • Fought at Stoke + not seen again.
33
Q

Rebellions Henry VII

What were the rebellions that occurred during Henry VII’s reign?

A
  • Simnel Rebellion- 1486-1487
  • Lovell Rebellion- 1486
  • Yorkshire Rebellion- 1489
  • Warbeck Rebellion- 1491-1499
  • Cornwall Rebellion- 1497
34
Q

Post-Bosworth Henry VII (1485)

1) Not officially crowned

A
  • Crowned 30th October 1485
  • Lavish affair-aimed to surpass that of Richard.
  • Parl. not called until after the coronation.
35
Q

Post-Bosworth Henry VII (1485)

2) Reward for supporters

A
  • Avoided rewarding too much land…subjects can’t become too powerful + he wouldn’t lose as much of his income.
  • (Uncle)Jasper Tudor-Given titles e.g. duke of bedford…
  • Sir William stanley-Role of Lord Chamberlain.
36
Q

Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)

3) Two Royal households

A
  • 18th January 1485- Married Elizabeth of York.
  • Not married immediately-Didn’t want to weaken claim.
  • Married-off her sisters to Lancastrians-(even older sister already married- forced to get an annulment + remarry).
  • Allowed other Yorkists to swear allegiance.
37
Q

Post-Bos Henry VII (1485)

4) Opponents- nobility/punishments

A
  • If too harsh-could turn against him.
  • If too lenient- too weak.
  • Under 1/4 of temporal lords fought against him + from those many died in battle.
  • Earl of Surrey+ E. of Northumberland- Prison sentences- BUT later released.
  • Pre-dated reign to before Bos…. could imprison some + could take land off others.
38
Q

Post-Bos. Henry VII

5) Other Yorkist Claimants

A
  • earl of warwick (10yrs old at time)-Richard III’s nephew- sent to Tower to live (in relative comfort).
  • Earl of Lincoln/John de la Pole (Allowed to swear loyalty + join council-later-).
39
Q

Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)

6) Usurper Image

A
  • March 1486

- Toured country + used Propaganda to glorify new reign.

40
Q

Post-Bos. Henry VII (1485)

7) No heir

A
  • Prince Arthur- September 1486
  • Margaret
  • Henry- 1491
  • Mary(NOT SAME MARY)
41
Q

Post-Bos. Henry VII

8) Recognition from Parl.

A
  • Demonstrated authority by calling 1st Parl. of reign.

- Recognised him as King in their first meeting.

42
Q

Break with Rome Henry VIII

What were the main reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries?

A
  • Finance
  • Patronage + greed.
  • Continental influence
  • ‘Imperial idea’
  • Removal of opponents
43
Q

Break with Rome Henry VIII

What were the steps of the Break with Rome?

A
  • Act in Restraint of Annates-(MARCH 1532)
  • Submission of the clergy-(MAY 1532)
  • New Archbishop of Canterbury-(AUGUST 1532)
  • Act in Restraint of Appeals-(APRIL 1533)
  • Act of Dispensations-(1534)
  • Act of Succession-(MARCH 1534)
  • Act of Supremacy + Treason Law-(NOVEMBER 1534)
44
Q

FP Henry VIII
Aims of FP Post-Wolsey
(Post 1529)

A
  • Conquest of France (remains)
  • Glory + Fame
  • New alliances + opportunities
  • Needs new protestant alliances
  • Central in Europe
  • Avoid invasion (Spain)
  • Pacification of Scotland-(e.g. Battle of Solway Moss)
45
Q

FP Henry VIII
Aims of FP 1509-1529
(WITH Wolsey)

A
  • Remove threats from Scotland
  • Avoid war with France + Spain (W)
  • Conquest of France (H)
  • England to be central in European affairs (W+H)
  • Arbiter of Europe (peacemaker) (W)
  • Glory, Fame + Territory (H)
  • Alliances (W+H)
46
Q

FP Henry VIII
1509-1511
Key events of foreign policy

A
  • Becomes King
  • Joins Christian campaign
  • Joins the League of Cambrai against the Turks.
47
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Local Govt.

A
  • Regional Councils

- Justices of the Peace

48
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Financial Courts

A

-The Exchequer
=received + paid out money
=Audited accounts
=HOWEVER-slow

-The Chamber

49
Q

Govt. Henry VII

The Equity Courts

A 
-The Court of the Star Chamber
=Legal disputes
-The Court of the Chancery
=estates + ward-ships
-The Court of Requests
=common law courts, used by lower classes.
-The Council Learned in Law
=crown lands-small, professional committee defending the King's crown land rights.
50
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Household

A 
-The Royal Chamber
=the charge of meeting the King's personal needs.
-Privy Chamber
=most influential part of royal household
=attending to the King + dressing him.
-The Household Proper
=Needs of the King + court.
-The Royal Household
=consisted of around 500 men.
51
Q

Govt. Henry VII

The Advisory Councils

A

-The Royal Council
=inner circle of nobility + skilled individuals.
-The Privy Council
=Exclusively men + main govt. group.
-Parliament
=only met on particular occasions + agreed to any legislation requested by the King + the council.

52
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Common Law

A
  • Laws derived from tradition + previous cases (precedents) rather than official legislation.
  • General tudor law system used in legal courts.
53
Q

Govt. Extra-Ordinary Finance

A

-Taxes that the King has to request when his ordinary finance is not enough.
=usually only requested in times of crisis or war.
=Parl. must grant these taxes in order for them to be collected.

54
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Ordinary Finance

A

Taxes that the King has an automatic right to.

55
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Feudal rights

A

-Automatic rights the king assumes upon accession.

=In place + unquestioned since the Middles Ages.

56
Q

Govt. Henry VII

Feudal Dues

A
  • Money owed to the King because he is the feudal Lord.

- They have been in place and unquestioned since the Middle ages.

57
Q

Govt. Henry VII/Medieval

Govt. Structure

A 
-Monarch=Personal Govt.
_Royal Council (No fixed membership or jobs) + (All other groups/councils get authority from here).
_Parl. (massively limited)
58
Q

Nobility (Control)

Wardship

A

When a family of nobility only has an infant heir, therefore, the King can take all profit from their estate.

59
Q

Nobility (Control)

Order of the Garter

A

England’s highest order of chivalry which included the King and 25 elected knights (a ceremonial title).

60
Q

Nobility (Control)

Patronage

A

Gifts from the crown to secure loyalty.

61
Q

Nobility (Control)

Act of Attainder

A

A special law passed by Parl. which allowed someone to be declared guilty of treason without a trial.

A Levels (6 decks)

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