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SFE Exam > History & Systems > Flashcards

History & Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Adler, Alfred

A 
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Birth order theory
Inferiority Complex
Conscious over Unconscious
Founder: Individual Psychology
Cofounder: Psychoanalytic Movement
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2
Q

Binet, A

A

1905: Simon-Binet IQ Test

Believed genetics set upper limits of intelligence

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3
Q

Brentano, Franz

A

DEVELOPMENTAL/CLINICAL
Founder - Act Psychology = ideating, judging, loving vs. hating

Contemporary of Wundt

“voluntarism, structuralism, and functionalism”

Introspection

Interested in reflecting on our thinking process or Phenomenology (thinking about our own thinking)

looked at what the mind does, not what is contained within it

Groundwork for comparative, developmental, and clinical psychologies

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4
Q

Cattell, J.M.

A

First professor of psychology in U.S.

Eugenics (trying to improve the genetic outcome of the population/ selective breeding- influenced by Darwin)

Legitimized psychology as a science

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5
Q

Charcot, J.M.

A

Hypnosis and hysteria

Pioneer of neurology

First to describe multiple sclerosis (1870’s)

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6
Q

Darwin, C.

A

EVOLUTIONARY
Father - Evolutionary Theory = all life forms came from one common ancestor through natural selection

Theory of Natural Selection

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7
Q

Dewey, J.

A

Functionalist
Dewey decimal system

The function of education = educate people in order to have an informed democracy

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8
Q

Dix, D.

A

Psychoanalysis
Reformer/crusader to improve mental hospitals in the US (1870-1880’s)

Humanitarian

Superintendent of army nurses during civil war

Got funding for new asylums after civil war (first wave of reform)

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9
Q

Ebbinghaus, H.

A

Associationist
German Psychologist

Studied memory (on himself)/nonsense syllables

Known for “forgetting curve” and “spacing effect”

Researched how people learn/ relearn after a period of time without the information

Studied associationism = complex ideas are created by the combination of simple ideas, which come through experience

Magic number 7 +/- 2 (things we can remember with one exposure)

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10
Q

Erikson, E.

A

Developmental
Stages of psychosocial development

Personality development as a lifelong process

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11
Q

Fechner, G

A

Experimental
Developed Psychophysical Methods (ie: adjustment, limits, constant stimuli)

Demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a qualified science

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12
Q

Freud, Anna

A

Psychoanalytic
Developed psychoanalysis with infants and children

Discovered Erik Erikson

Understood that many defenses are ego syntonic and can function as a central, organizing feature in someone’s personality
Ex: Reaction formation, niceness, and modesty

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13
Q

Freud, S.

A

Psychoanalytic

Founder of psychoanalysis, psychosexual stages of development, dream interpretation, free association

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14
Q

Gall, J.

A

Phrenology (19th/20th Century test of personality)
Mental functions and personality characteristics are located in specific areas of the brain. The size of these areas (measured on the skull surface) reflected the strength of the characteristics

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15
Q

Galton, F.

A

Positive
Conducted studies on individual differences

One of the leaders in the positivistic approach - (proving things through experimenting natural science)

Attempted to define the measurement of concepts

Applied evolutionary theory to mental functions and personality characteristics

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16
Q

Hall, Stanley G.

A

Founder of APA in 1892

1st APA president

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17
Q

Heidegger, M.

A

Existential
Bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology

The person and the world are inseparable

Living authentically - acknowledging the truth about our lives

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18
Q

Helmholtz, H.

A

Materialism, unity of mind and body

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19
Q

Hollingsworth, L.S.

A

Functionalist

Came up with certification and doctoral level training for Clinical Psychologists

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20
Q

Horney, K.

A

Psychoanalytic
Founder - Feminist Psychology

Viewed unhealthy behavior as a response to anxiety
movement toward/away/or against others

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21
Q

Hull, C.

A

Behaviorism
Drive Reduction Theory

Mathematical model for behavior (SER = D x K x SHR)

The response of an organism to a stimulus is based upon the characteristic of both the stimulus and the organism

Other variables are contingent on the response of the organism: incentives, initial drive, inhibitors

Proposed hypothetical-deductive system (independent, dependent, & intervening variables)

Most research in America from 1940-1960 referred to Hull’s theory

Basic ideas derive from Pavlov

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

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22
Q

James, W.

A

Functionalist
Founder - Functionalism

Espoused a form of psychology that was scientific

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23
Q

Jung, C.

A

Psychoanalytic
Father - Analytic Psychology

Collective unconsciousness - shared understanding out of which came archetypes

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24
Q

Kohler, W.

A

Gestalt

Insight learning in Chimps (the Aha! Moment)

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25
Q

Koffka, K.

A

Gestalt

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26
Q

Lewin, K.

A

Field Theory

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27
Q

Maslow, A.

A

Hierarchy of needs

Self-actualization

Peak experience

Lived with Blackfoot Indian Tribe where he learned the hierarchy of needs, but got it wrong
pyramid was actually a Tipi - more mature/community-orientated needs are at the base and individual needs are at the top

28
Q

May, Rollo

A

Humanist
First American Existentialist, personal myth is the major vehicle used by people to create meaning in their lives

Healthy anxiety- due to the uncertainty and responsibility of freedom, and unhealthy anxiety-fear of freedom that leads to reduced freedom (accepting others values)

Personal Myths:
Give a sense of identity
Sense of community
Support morals/valu
Provide a means for dealing with mysteries
29
Q

Munsterberg, H.

A

Experimental
Father - Forensic, School & Industrial/Organizational Psychology (I/O)

Great experimentalist at Harvard with Wm James

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

30
Q

Pavlov, I.

A

Behavioral
Noble Prize for studies on the physiology of digestion which lead to 1st model of experimental research (ie: classical conditioning)
Most research gathered from studying salivating dogs

Classical Conditioning

Conditioned response

Discovered the “Psychic Reflex”/Conditioned Reflexes - conditioned dogs to salivate as a conditioned reflex & basis of classical conditioning
Any response to a stimulus that is inherent, it’s a reflex

31
Q

Rogers, C.

A

Humanist

Unconditional Positive Regard

Human nature is based on the need to actualize and enhance the self through experiences

Book - “On Becoming A Person’

Founder - Client/Person Centered Therapy 1940’s-1950’s

32
Q

Skinner, B.F.

A

Behavioral
Reinforcement contingencies

Operant conditioning = modify behavior through positive/negative reinforcement to make an association between a particular behavior and consequence

Examples
chamber
schedules of reinforcement
extreme environmentalism
radical behaviorism
33
Q

Thorndike, E.L.

A

Fundamentalist
Law of effect - “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.” Natural selection of behaviors.
Connections (associations) are strengthened when followed by a “satisfying” state and weakened when followed by an “annoying” state
Associations are strengthened when followed by a reward/weakened when followed by something unpleasant

Law of Exercise

Developed behavioral explanation of learning
Cat puzzle box = developed puzzle boxes with devices for animal to open the box

Insight learning

Trial & error learning

34
Q

Titchener, E.

A

Structuralism
Founder - Structuralism

Founded “The Experimentalists”

Original DSM

Used method of introspection

“What separates psychology from philosophy is our science”

Gender equality

Psychology as a “science of the mind”

Sensations images, and feelings, were the basic elements of thought
Goal of psychology is to understand how these elements work

Psychology as experimental

35
Q

Tolman, Edward

A

Positive behaviorism
Treated vets with “shell shock”

Worked like a behaviorist and theorized like a cognitive psychologist

Applied research to real-world problems

Book - “Drives toward War”

Types of learning
cognitive maps
Mental picture or image of the layout of one’s physical environment
Rats and mazes
Helps navigate unfamiliar territory, give directions, and learn or recall information
learning/performance separation
latent

Organized researchers/psychometricians for war effort in WWII

36
Q

Vygotsky, L.

A

Developmental
Zone of proximal development

Community & Culture to child cognitive development

37
Q

Watson, John

A

Behavioral
Father of Behaviorism

argued that psychology should be an objective study of behavior where the mind and consciousness serve no useful purpose, overt behavior should be the focus of investigation

Book - “Psychology as a Behaviorist views it”

Emphasizes the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate of inherited factors. This amounts essentially to a focus on learning

We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as ‘learning theory’). Therefore, when born our mind is ‘tabula rasa’ (a blank slate)

Techniques/principles for experimental psychological studies

Classical Conditioning
Based on Pavlov’s findings
Learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
Proposed this theory could explain all aspects of human behavior

Goal of psychology as prediction & control of behavior

Proposed that Positivism (study of observable behavior) & is the only legitimate methodology

“Little Albert” experiment - conditioned fear response

38
Q

Wertheimer, Max

A

Humanist (Gestalt)
Founder - Gestalt School

Phi Phenomenon (The relationship between two lights in a tunnel, his experience of it were as though they were bouncing back and forth and he wanted to study the relationship between these two lights bouncing back and forth)

39
Q

Witmer, L.

A

Clinical
Father of clinical psych

1908 Published the first edition of “The Psychological Clinic” - similar to modern day DSM

40
Q

Wundt, W.

A

Structuralism
Psychological experience can be analyzed into separate, component elements

Founded 1st psychology lab in 1879

One of the founding figures of modern psychology

First person to call himself a psychologist

Widely regarded as the “father of experimental psychology”

41
Q

Apperception

A

Founder: Herbert Spencer, Hermann Lotze, and Wilhelm Wundt

New experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole

Perceive new experience in relation to past experience

Immanuel Kant distinguished transcendental apperception from empirical apperception

42
Q

Associationism

A

Founder: Aristotle (elaborated on Plato’s original idea)

Other Associationists: Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Hegel

The mind is composed of elements (sensations and ideas) organized by various associations

Truth is sought through reason

Four laws of association in the process of remembrance and recall:
Contiguity
Frequency
Similarity

43
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

Replaced Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis as the main psychological approach

Focused on observable behaviors in conjunction with brain activity and structure

44
Q

Epistemology

A

“The theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.

45
Q

Ego Psychology

A

Comes Freud’s theory if the id-ego-superego

Theorizes the functions of the ego and strengthening it so it can better cope with pressures from id, superego, and society

46
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

What is the evolutionary (adaptive) function of behaviors?

Evolution of social behaviors such as gender differences, altruism, creativity

47
Q

Existential Psychology

A

Founder: Fritz Perls

Meaning of life
“Existence precedes essence”
Does not treat the individual as a concept (Avoid objectification)
Values subjectivity over objectivity/seeks truth through subjective experience
Emphasizes action, freedom, and decision as fundamental to human existence

48
Q

Free association

A

elicits unconscious material, defenses, and transference

49
Q

Functionalism

A

Other Functionalists: John Dewey, Angell, Carr

Concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environment

Study of consciousness using methods of introspection

Assumes that behavior serves a purpose to promote the survival of the species

Most important movement in American psychology (1895-1915)

50
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Founder: Wermtheimer; Koffka (translated theory from German to English); & Kohler

People perceive and experience objects as whole patterns

Motto: “The whole is different from the sum of the parts”
Principles of organization:
Closure (mind fills in gaps in images)
Continuation
Proximity (when things are closer together, we group them together)
Similarity (same as above)

51
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A

Founder: Fritz & Laura Perls

If the therapist and the patient has an authentic moment, where their worlds collide the patient can invite the therapist into “their world” and the therapist can support in re-organizing. Shared authentic moment, the opening to sharing the “life world.”

52
Q

Law of Pragnanz -or- Perceptual Organization

A

Formulated by the Gestalt school

The simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure

Shares common root with pregnant, and so it carries the idea of a “fully developed figure” - Our perceptual system prefers to see a complete circle as opposed to a broken circle

53
Q

Logical positivism

A

Founder: VanBelle

In essence the (Logical) Positivists hold that the scientific character of a discipline is determined by its research methodology”

54
Q

Mind-body dualism

A

Founder: Descartes

Humans have both animal spirits (material) and a rational soul (spiritual) believed to interacted through the pineal gland

55
Q

Neobehaviorism

A

A school of thought that posits that the study of learning and a focus on rigorous objective observational methods form the key to scientific psychology.

The second phase of behaviorism, which was closely associated with B.F. Skinner, Clark Hull and Edward C. Tolman.

56
Q

Parsimony

A

Theory that is simpler than other competing theories because it introduces the least new assumptions about the subject in question. This scientific principle is based on choosing the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence.

57
Q

Phenomenology

A

Founder: Brentano & students Stumpf and Kulpe

Study of inner subjective experience which is a bridge between outer physical world and inner subjective world

We only know the external world as experienced by our senses

58
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images

59
Q

Positivism

A

Positivists: August Comte, Francis Galton, John Stuart Mill, Kulpe, Titchener

Study of observable behavior

Resulted in rise of Behaviorism & abrupt end of Structuralism & Functionalism

VanBelle: “one scientific method is able to capture the infinite variety of life”

60
Q

Rationalism

A

Founder: Descartes, Liebnitz, Kant

Thought is more important than experience.

Assumed innate mental structures or abilities

61
Q

Reductionism

A

Over-simplifies human behavior or cognitive processes, and in doing so, neglects to explain the complexities of the mind

62
Q

Structuralism

A

Emphasizes the most basic components of mental processes

Study of consciousness using methods of introspection/ defines the structure of conscious experience by breaking it down into it’s components

Explains psychological phenomena by understanding how the basic elements come together

63
Q

Third-force psychology

A

Gestalt, Humanistic, Existential

64
Q

Voluntarism

A

Founder: Wundt

Voluntary & willful acts of human decisions/behavior

Emphasizes Environmental causes & external experiences as motivation of actions

Distinction between automatic & controlled actions, perception, & apperception

65
Q

Zeigarnik effect

A

The tendency to experience intrusive thoughts about an objective that was once pursued but left incomplete. The tendency for the mind to finish what it started and it is left incomplete there dissonance

66
Q

3 waves of reform

A

1st wave – behaviorism
2nd wave – psychoanalysis
3rd wave – Gestalt, Existentialism, Humanism

1st wave - After 2nd world war

2nd wave (1960's)
deinstitutionalization 
community mental health 
Psychotropic meds
Issues: mental health centers not fully funded; people released w/out tx; increase in homeless population; increase in prison population - homeless/mentally ill

3rd wave (1970’s)

SFE Exam (2 decks)

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