History & Social Studies Flashcards

1
Q

contributions from around the world:

A
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2
Q

contributions from around the world:

A
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3
Q

China contributions

A

gunpowder and fireworks, compass, silk and ink.

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4
Q

Egypt contributions

A

papyrus, Pyramids, Sports

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5
Q

India contributions

A

Tea, The number zero and the decimal system, Caste
system (A person is born into a caste and can’t move up or down. Unlike the Class system in the US where people have more flexibility in status.)

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6
Q

Greece contributions

A

money, the steam engine, Democracy, the Olympics

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7
Q

Bantu Tribes contributions

A

contributed to the languages in Africa. Over 70% of
the languages spoken in modern Africa are based on the nomadic Bantu tribes who also spread the use of metal making or metallurgical skills.

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8
Q

Political System: Democracy

A

Rule by majority

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9
Q

Political System: Monarchy

A

Rule by monarch Tribal Structure where authority rests with the absolute ruler. Monarchies are one of the oldest political systems known.

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10
Q

Political System: Republic

A

(rule by law) The first recorded republic was in India in the 6th century BC.

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11
Q

Political System: Theocracy

A

Rule by representative of God. Vatican City is an example of a Theocracy.

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12
Q

Political System: Feudalism

A

This system had a manor or property on which many poor families would live. The owner of the manor was called the Lord, and was run by serfs or peasants who worked the land as laborers or paid taxes. An example of this system can be found in stories like Robin Hood.

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13
Q

IMPORTANT DATES HISTORY: 1789 Bill of Rights is established.

A

Bill of Rights are about personal liberty.

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14
Q

Is the US a democracy?

A

The constitutional protection of individual freedom makes our country a “law based” system of government. Keep in mind that many people think the US is a democracy, but it
is not a “true democracy.” A good way to remember it is in remembering the Pledge of Allegiance. “I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands.” The US is a Republic with a representative Democracy.

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15
Q

West Virginia State Board of Education v.
Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)

A

I’m sure you all know you cannot force a student to say the pledge of allegiance. The case in which the United States Supreme Court first decided students’ rights regarding the Pledge of Allegiance was West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943). The Court held that forcing students to stand for the Pledge constituted compelled speech and violated the First Amendment. This issue has been at the heart of the recent NFL “take a knee” protests. The Bill of Rights guarantees us the right to refuse to stand for the flag or be forced to recite the pledge or the National Anthem. Forcing players to stand is a violation of the Constitution and the First Amendment.

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16
Q

Amendment I*

A

Free Speech, basically.

Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

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17
Q

Amendment II

A

Right to bear arms.
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

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18
Q

Amendment III

A

Quartering of soldiers
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

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19
Q

Amendment IV*

A

Search and arrest
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

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20
Q

Difference between 4th & 5th Amendment

A

 4th Amendment: Your rights before you are arrested
for a crime; you are “suspected.”

 5th Amendment: Your rights after you are arrested
for a crime. Also known as due process.

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21
Q

Amendment V*

A

Rights in criminal cases
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
public use, without just compensation.

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22
Q

Amendment VI

A

Right to a fair trial

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

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23
Q

Amendment VII

A

Rights in civil cases

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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24
Q

Amendment VIII

A

Bail, fines, punishment

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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25
Q

Amendment IX

A

Rights retained by the People

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

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26
Q

Amendment X

A

States’ rights

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

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27
Q

What did President Andrew Jackson did during 1828?

A

President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act. This Act authorized the forced removal of Native Americans from Tennessee and other Eastern States, to Mississippi. It was a violent and traumatic experience.

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28
Q

What continued happening during 1836?

A

The Indian Removal Act continues to remove Native Americans from their land. In a forced removal known as the Trail of Tears, Cherokee are forced from Georgia to Oklahoma. Nearly 4,0000 Native Americans die from illness and starvation.

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29
Q

Wrong perceptions about Christopher Columbus

A

Christopher Columbus never discovered America. He never set foot in America but landed in the Caribbean because he got lost looking for a different route to India. This is why he called the Natives “Indians.” His crew, and the subsequent crews that came over, decimated the Natives with European
diseases against which the Natives had no resistance. These diseases then spread into North America as well, so while Columbus’ diseases may have discovered America and killed most of the people, he never went to America. He also enslaved and murdered many Natives in his attempt to find “gold” which was one of the purposes of his mission.

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30
Q

What happened in the centuries after Columbus landed in the new world on October 12, 1492?

A

More native North Americans died each year from infectious diseases brought by European settlers than were born. For North America alone, estimates of native populations in Columbus’ day range from 2 to18 million. By the end of the 19th century the population had shrunk to about 530 000. This is considered a genocide.

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31
Q

What was The Civil War about?

A

the impetus of the debate in the Civil War was whether or not the state had the right to keep using slavery. (so it was about slavery ._.)

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32
Q

What is USA’s unusual political system?

A

United States of America has an unusual political system in which individual states have the right to make State Laws that may differ from state to state. This is supposed to allow our country to operate as a both a Republic and a Representative Democracy. There are Federal Laws and there are State Laws.

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33
Q

Democracy Vs Republic Video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdS6fyUIklI

34
Q

how do we decide on what is “best” for our country? what is the difference between federal and state laws?

A

we consider it state by state in addition to the Federal Law. Think of the states as small towns in a bigger area of the entire United States. Each small town might have issues that matter in Town A that aren’t as important in Town B, C, or D. If we had to have a consensus on what everyone agreed was
important in the budget, towns with unique needs might suffer if they had to get everyone to agree on the issue. So our political system allowed the small towns to make their own rules based on how their people vote.

Now, considering this with regard to State issues, we can see how it would be important for a state to be able to make laws that benefit the state due to agricultural, land, water and population issues. For example if we lived in Florida, since it has a lot of marshes, waterways and coastlines, those issues would matter more in their budget than a place like Arizona. Another example would be places that have a lot of immigration. Obviously there is a need to reflect diversity in a place like NYC and Boston, so those States would use part of their budget and may make State laws that reflect those issues whereas a state like Minnesota that doesn’t have a lot of immigration would be more concerned about plowing the roadways in the winter or farming issues. That is the difference between State and Federal Laws. The States want the Federal government to stay out of it and let them run their state as they see fit. This is a common sense solution to how to create an infrastructure of a State that most benefits the people who live there.

35
Q

Who decides the RIGHTS OF PEOPLE?

A

you can’t allow the State to make rules that reflect the attitudes or the opinions of the majority of the people in the state because if you do this, minority groups would be left out. So these are then sent over to the Supreme Court to evaluate their constitutional legality. You can’t vote on “rights.”
For example if I lived in a town that had 10,000 white people in it and only 2,000 black people lived in the town and they were voting over whether or not black students have the right to attend white schools, the black people would always be out-numbered. It wouldn’t be a fair vote if there were a majority of racists in that town.

36
Q

Tyranny of the Majority

A

Having the whites decide for a whole town even if there are other POCs there. Brown versus the Board of Ed 1954 addressed this issue.

Founding Fathers were prepared for and created the system of Checks and Balances in our system of government to prevent. Keep in mind that our Founding Fathers knew this way ahead of time and prepared for it. This isn’t something new. Our Founding Fathers were more concerned about personal liberty and freedom than the rights of the government. They created a Republic with laws to protect the people and a representative Democracy to allow communities to build their towns, cities and states. But they were very concerned about individual rights being trampled by the popular vote. (This is why we have an Electoral College and don’t elect our President by popular vote.)

37
Q

What fears did Alexander Hamilton brought up to Thomas Jefferson?

A

Hamilton argued the same fears regarding the use of pure direct democracy by the majority to elect a demagogue who, rather than work for the benefit of all citizens, set out to either harm those in the minority or work only for those of the upper echelon.

38
Q

(Notice in this video the man is criticizing Hillary Clinton. Historical facts are facts, it’s not about sides or politics.)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9SSQZX8fUE

39
Q

How does the Tyranny of the Majority relate to the Civil War and State’s rights?

A

Essentially, what happened with the Civil War is that the issue of slavery, which had been debated for decades, was coming to an end. Some states in the South whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves, didn’t want to give up slavery because it would have huge economic consequences on their farming industry since they would no longer have free labor. The push to outlaw slavery was gaining support. The Federal government was deciding that slavery should be outlawed in this country because it violated human
liberty. The States that wanted to keep slavery “saw the writing on the wall.” In other words they realized they were going to lose their right to keep slavery legal in their state because they were out-numbered So they decided to secede (leave) from the United States and try to become a different country with their own laws. Twenty-one northern and border-states remained as The United States, while the eleven slave states renamed their “country,” The Confederate States of America.

40
Q

The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.)

A

Commonly referred to as the Confederacy, it was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was originally formed by seven secessionist slave- holding states – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – in the Lower South region of the United States.

41
Q

Who were the Confederates?

A

Terrorists attacking the Union of the United States. No foreign government officially recognized the Confederacy as an independent country, although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status, which allowed Confederate agents to contract with private concerns for arms and guns and other supplies.

42
Q

Summary and Facts about the Civil War and confederacy

A

So YES the issue regarding the Civil War was about keeping slavery legal. And NO the Confederate flag is not about keeping Southern pride alive. It’s the flag of terrorists that attacked the United States. This is why the people who marched with it recently also marched with people carrying Nazi flags. These people were not about preserving the pride of American history, they were about rebelling against the Republic of the United States and seceding
from the Constitutional rule of law. This is also why they want guns. Not for personal protection, but for protection against the Federal Government.

43
Q

1850-1865 Timeline

A

1850: The Compromise of 1850 helps to establish a crackdown on fugitive slaves. Slave trade is banned in Washington DC.

1852: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s is published. This novel is historically relevant for its influence on the dialogue regarding slavery.

1854: The Missouri Compromise of 1820 is repealed. The issue of slavery continues to create tensions throughout the U.S.

1857: James Buchanan is elected as the 15th president.

1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford: Supreme Court rules that slaves are not citizens. Revokes the right of states to ban slavery. The Supreme Court’s decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford is unanimously denounced by scholars. Bernard Schwartz says it “stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions” Chief Justice C.E. Hughes called it “the Court’s greatest self-inflicted wound”. Junius P. Rodriguez says it is “universally condemned as the U.S. Supreme Court’s worst decision”.

1860: November 6th Abraham Lincoln is elected as president.

1860: South Carolina secedes from the Union (Dec. 20). Southern states create the Confederate States of American and secede from the Union. These states include Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas and Louisiana.

1861–1865: The North and South begin the Civil War

44
Q

What was the north and south parts of the USA names during the Civil War?

A

The North was called The Union.
The South was called The Confederacy.

45
Q

Major Battles and Leaders

A

 Union General William T. Sherman who captured and set fire to Atlanta Georgia.
 General Ulysses S. Grant captured the capital of the Confederacy at Richmond.
 Virginia Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse.
 Battle of Gettysburg was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war’s turning point.

46
Q

Some video about the major battles and leaders and misinformation or whatever

A

https://www.facebook.com/MicMedia/videos/1620753744614076/?hc_ref=ARTHXjEoINDnDCpoXvgUt_Vb9FEvCu-cJv1VD30XV7Y27hyKqS-tgDP2eVLT56uGMs4

47
Q

What did Abraham Lincoln did in 1863? What speech was given?

A

Abraham Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, in which he declared that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states in rebellion against the Union “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”
The Gettysburg Address is famously delivered by President Lincoln.

48
Q

What war ended in 1865?

A

American Civil War ends. In an event that is generally regarded as marking the end of the Civil War, Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of Confederate forces west of the Mississippi, signs the surrender terms offered by Union negotiators. With Smith’s surrender, the last Confederate army ceased to exist, bringing a formal end to the bloodiest four years in U.S. history.

49
Q

Definition: Oligarchy

A

rule by a few

50
Q

Definition: Republic

A

rule by law

51
Q

What is the difference between the Indian Caste System and the American Class System?

A

The Indian Caste System it is more rigid than the American Class System. There is more flexibility and mobility in a Class System.

52
Q

What assassination initiated WWI in 1914?

A

1914: Arch Duke Ferdinand’s assassination in Sarajevo begins World War I

53
Q

Who entered WWI during 1914-1918?

A

1914–1918 World War I: U.S. enters World War I

54
Q

What was created after WWI and who wasn’t a member?

A

1919 League of Nations is created after the end of the war. This is a precursor to the United Nations. The US is not a member.

55
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

The Treaty of Versailles is signed in 1919, which forces Germany to take responsibility for the WWI and to make reparations. This treaty later led to the attitude of nationalism that helped propel Hitler into power.

56
Q

World War II: 1939-1945

A

At first the US declares that it is neutral.
However the bombing at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941 forces the US to declare War on Japan. Germany and Italy declare war on the US.
The US responds by declaring War. FDR is reelected for a third term in 1941 and again for a fourth term in 1945.

57
Q

WWII: June 6, 1944

A

D –Day at Normandy as Allies invade France. Germany surrenders.

58
Q

Who dies in 1945?

A

When FDR dies of a stroke in 1945 he is succeeded by his Vice President Harry Truman.

59
Q

What happened in Hiroshima and Nasaki, Japan during 1945?

A

The Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan by the US. Japan surrenders.

60
Q

When did the United Nations got established?

A

October 24, 1945

61
Q

What plan did Congress pass during 1948 and why?

A

Marshal Plan is passed by Congress as part of post war recovery efforts in Europe.

62
Q

What happened to Japanese Americans during February 19, 1942 – March 20, 1946?

A

Japanese Americans were rounded up and sent to concentration camps in Utah and other areas in the Midwest after the bombing of Pearl Harbor as a “protective
measure” for the country. This is a violation of the Bill of Rights and is why many people are concerned about Trump banning Arab Muslims in the U.S. The Japanese Internment is a terrible mistake in American History and many are worried about repeating it.

63
Q

Hitler’s Final Solution

A

The origin of the “Final Solution,” the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler. The “Final Solution” was implemented in stages. After the Nazi party rise to power, state-enforced racism resulted in anti-Jewish legislation, boycotts, “Aryanization,” and finally the “Night of Broken Glass” (Kristallnacht) pogrom, all of which aimed to remove the Jews from German society. After the beginning of World War II, anti-Jewish policy evolved into a comprehensive plan to concentrate and eventually annihilate European Jewry.

Hitler attempted to exterminate as many Jews and “non-desirables” as possible as part of The Final Solution. Many died in Concentration Camps like Auschwitz.

64
Q

Hitler’s Death Toll

A

 Jews: up to 6 million
 Soviet civilians: around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million
figure for Jews)
 Soviet prisoners of war: around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers)
 Non-Jewish Polish civilians: around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the
Polish elites)
 Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina): 312,000
 People with disabilities living in institutions: up to 250,000
 Roma (Gypsies): 196,000–220,000
 Jehovah’s Witnesses: around 1,900
 Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials: at least 70,000
 German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory: undetermined
 Homosexuals: hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal
offenders and so-called asocials noted above)

65
Q

WWII: Who were allies?

A

The main Allied powers were Great Britain, The United States, China, and the Soviet Union. The leaders of the Allies were Franklin Roosevelt (the United States), Winston Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (the Soviet Union).

66
Q

WWII: Who were the Axis Powers?

A

The main Axis powers were Germany, Japan and Italy. The Axis leaders were Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Emperor Hirohito (Japan).

67
Q

WWII: Death toll by country (UK, US, Soviet Union)

A

United Kingdom 450,700
United States 418,500
Soviet Union 24,000,000

68
Q

Important Dates: 1957

A

1957 President Eisenhower is forced to send Federal Troops to Little Rock Arkansas because of forced integration of public schools. Central High School in Arkansas is backed Governor Orval Faubus. And the students who were trying to integrate became known as the Little Rock Nine.

Sputnik 1 was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. Because of this the US began spending major funding on Science Programs in American public schools.

69
Q

Where was Matin Luther King, Jr. assassinated?

A

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn.

70
Q

Where was Robert F. Kennedy assassinated?

A

Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles, Calif.

71
Q

Vietnam

A

Vietnam had a very significant impact on the United States. It is not considered a real war because we never declared war, even though we often refer to it that way. Since the United States Congress never declared war against Vietnam, it was actually a conflict. In fact, the U.S Congress hasn’t declared any war since the World War II in 1942. So the Afghanistan (against al-Qaeda) or Iraq l ikewise is not a war but just a conflict.

72
Q

After Vietnam two important things happened:

A

 The voting age was lowered to 18: March 23, 1971. Passed by Congress Ratified July 1, 1971.
The 26th Amendment changed a portion of the 14th Amendment Amendment XXVI RIGHT TO VOTE AT AGE 18
 U.S. Military ends drafts
January 27, 1973 U.S. military draft ends.
Serving in the military is no longer a legal responsibility of US Citizens.

73
Q

Responsibilities of a US Citizen

A

 Citizens are legally required to serve in Jury Duty.
 Citizens are legally required to register their children in school (Homeschooling is considered registering a child to receive education. All children are mandated to receive an education. Jury Duty and Schooling are LEGAL requirements).
 Citizens are expected to obey laws and also to pay taxes.
 US Citizens are encouraged to participate in the government by voting. However it is not a legal responsibility to vote.

74
Q

Civil Rights Movement

A
  • most famous movement in US History
    -This movement is
    fundamental in fighting for equality in education and has had an impact on the Special Education Programs even to today.
  • Lasting from about 1955 until 1968 it concerned the Rights of African Americans in the United States.
75
Q

Two prior court rulings to the Civil Rights movement that had a major impact on the educational rights of African Americans in the United States:

A
  • Plessy vs Ferguson (1896; Hint: remember
    this as: Plessy is Messy. Plessy made a huge mess in the United States): This ruling is shocking to modern Americans because it ruled that African Americans were not allowed to eat in the same restaurants, go to the same schools and live in the same neighborhood as white people simply because of the color of their skin. It is a horrible part of American history that has hurt and oppressed many of our people. This ruling upheld Segregation as legal.
  • Many years later the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Supreme Court ruled that schools must be desegregated. Although the laws were changing, people’s attitudes were not, which led to some of the following moments in history.
76
Q

Example of why racism and segregation are not “ancient history”: Ruby Bridges

A

Ruby Nell Bridges was born on 8th of September 1954, the year the US Supreme Court ruled that all schools must desegregate. Ruby had gone to a segregated kindergarten and after passing psychological and education tests, she was the only black child chosen to attend William Frantz Elementary in 1960. Below is a picture of Ruby Bridges in 1960 and another of Ruby Bridges today. Those impacted by Institutionalized racism are not just old black and white pictures of people from long ago in history. They are with us and are impacted by the racism that has endured: it is alive and well around us every day. We are all hurt by the
devastating effects of racism and as educators we have a specific responsibility to stop it when we see it happening today. This is our job as participants in living history: we must always speak out against it and not be afraid to do so.

77
Q

Example of why racism and segregation are not “ancient history”: Rosa Parks

A

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956. When Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus so that a white man could sit down, she was arrested. This arrest sparked outrage among the African American community and others who were sympathetic to their fight. Montgomery Alabama’s buses were boycotted for 381 days until the full desegregation was mandated on the buses.

78
Q

Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas effectively desegregating the school system in the United States:

A

Though this happened in 1954 it took years
to enforce it. Two examples of those who refused to desegregate the school were the Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus and the Governor of Alabama George
Wallace. Below is a picture of Faubus mobilizing the local National Guard to prevent African American students from entering Central High School. Notice the Confederate flag. President Eisenhower had to federalize the National Guard in Little Rock Arkansas to enforce desegregation at Central High School in1957.

Elizabeth Ekford was one of the “Little Rock Nine.” These nine African America students were on the front lines of attempting to integrate the schools.

79
Q

What are “Sit ins”?

A

Lunch Counters at Woolworths stores were the scene of “sit-ins” during the 1960s. Sit ins were peaceful protests during which African Americans would refuse to leave
the white section of the lunch counters until they were served. All were usually arrested. This form of protest is known as “Civil Disobedience” and was supported by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who felt man had a moral obligation to disobey an unjust law.

80
Q

When and where did MLK delivered his famous speech, “I Have a Dream”?

A

March on Washington, 1963 Dr. King delivers his famous I Have a Dream speech at the National Mall in Washington D.C.

81
Q

When and where was MLK assassinated? What happened afterwards?

A

1968 Dr. King is assassinated the day after giving his ― Mountaintop speech in Memphis Tennessee. Major riots break out in the United States.