History & Social Studies Flashcards

Question

Amendment IX

Answer 1

Rights retained by the People The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Answer 2

States' rights The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Answer 3

President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act. This Act authorized the forced removal of Native Americans from Tennessee and other Eastern States, to Mississippi. It was a violent and traumatic experience.

Answer 4

The Indian Removal Act continues to remove Native Americans from their land. In a forced removal known as the Trail of Tears, Cherokee are forced from Georgia to Oklahoma. Nearly 4,0000 Native Americans die from illness and starvation.

Answer 5

Christopher Columbus never discovered America. He never set foot in America but landed in the Caribbean because he got lost looking for a different route to India. This is why he called the Natives “Indians.” His crew, and the subsequent crews that came over, decimated the Natives with European diseases against which the Natives had no resistance. These diseases then spread into North America as well, so while Columbus’ diseases may have discovered America and killed most of the people, he never went to America. He also enslaved and murdered many Natives in his attempt to find “gold” which was one of the purposes of his mission.

Answer 6

More native North Americans died each year from infectious diseases brought by European settlers than were born. For North America alone, estimates of native populations in Columbus’ day range from 2 to18 million. By the end of the 19th century the population had shrunk to about 530 000. This is considered a genocide.

Answer 7

the impetus of the debate in the Civil War was whether or not the state had the right to keep using slavery. (so it was about slavery ._.)

Answer 8

United States of America has an unusual political system in which individual states have the right to make State Laws that may differ from state to state. This is supposed to allow our country to operate as a both a Republic and a Representative Democracy. There are Federal Laws and there are State Laws.

Answer 9

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdS6fyUIklI

Answer 10

we consider it state by state in addition to the Federal Law. Think of the states as small towns in a bigger area of the entire United States. Each small town might have issues that matter in Town A that aren’t as important in Town B, C, or D. If we had to have a consensus on what everyone agreed was important in the budget, towns with unique needs might suffer if they had to get everyone to agree on the issue. So our political system allowed the small towns to make their own rules based on how their people vote. Now, considering this with regard to State issues, we can see how it would be important for a state to be able to make laws that benefit the state due to agricultural, land, water and population issues. For example if we lived in Florida, since it has a lot of marshes, waterways and coastlines, those issues would matter more in their budget than a place like Arizona. Another example would be places that have a lot of immigration. Obviously there is a need to reflect diversity in a place like NYC and Boston, so those States would use part of their budget and may make State laws that reflect those issues whereas a state like Minnesota that doesn’t have a lot of immigration would be more concerned about plowing the roadways in the winter or farming issues. That is the difference between State and Federal Laws. The States want the Federal government to stay out of it and let them run their state as they see fit. This is a common sense solution to how to create an infrastructure of a State that most benefits the people who live there.

Answer 11

you can’t allow the State to make rules that reflect the attitudes or the opinions of the majority of the people in the state because if you do this, minority groups would be left out. So these are then sent over to the Supreme Court to evaluate their constitutional legality. You can’t vote on “rights.” For example if I lived in a town that had 10,000 white people in it and only 2,000 black people lived in the town and they were voting over whether or not black students have the right to attend white schools, the black people would always be out-numbered. It wouldn’t be a fair vote if there were a majority of racists in that town.

Answer 12

Having the whites decide for a whole town even if there are other POCs there. Brown versus the Board of Ed 1954 addressed this issue. Founding Fathers were prepared for and created the system of Checks and Balances in our system of government to prevent. Keep in mind that our Founding Fathers knew this way ahead of time and prepared for it. This isn’t something new. Our Founding Fathers were more concerned about personal liberty and freedom than the rights of the government. They created a Republic with laws to protect the people and a representative Democracy to allow communities to build their towns, cities and states. But they were very concerned about individual rights being trampled by the popular vote. (This is why we have an Electoral College and don’t elect our President by popular vote.)

Answer 13

Hamilton argued the same fears regarding the use of pure direct democracy by the majority to elect a demagogue who, rather than work for the benefit of all citizens, set out to either harm those in the minority or work only for those of the upper echelon.

Answer 14

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9SSQZX8fUE

Answer 15

Essentially, what happened with the Civil War is that the issue of slavery, which had been debated for decades, was coming to an end. Some states in the South whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African-American slaves, didn’t want to give up slavery because it would have huge economic consequences on their farming industry since they would no longer have free labor. The push to outlaw slavery was gaining support. The Federal government was deciding that slavery should be outlawed in this country because it violated human liberty. The States that wanted to keep slavery “saw the writing on the wall.” In other words they realized they were going to lose their right to keep slavery legal in their state because they were out-numbered So they decided to secede (leave) from the United States and try to become a different country with their own laws. Twenty-one northern and border-states remained as The United States, while the eleven slave states renamed their “country,” The Confederate States of America.

Answer 16

Commonly referred to as the Confederacy, it was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was originally formed by seven secessionist slave- holding states – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – in the Lower South region of the United States.

Answer 17

Terrorists attacking the Union of the United States. No foreign government officially recognized the Confederacy as an independent country, although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status, which allowed Confederate agents to contract with private concerns for arms and guns and other supplies.

Answer 18

So YES the issue regarding the Civil War was about keeping slavery legal. And NO the Confederate flag is not about keeping Southern pride alive. It’s the flag of terrorists that attacked the United States. This is why the people who marched with it recently also marched with people carrying Nazi flags. These people were not about preserving the pride of American history, they were about rebelling against the Republic of the United States and seceding from the Constitutional rule of law. This is also why they want guns. Not for personal protection, but for protection against the Federal Government.

Answer 19

1850: The Compromise of 1850 helps to establish a crackdown on fugitive slaves. Slave trade is banned in Washington DC. 1852: Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe's is published. This novel is historically relevant for its influence on the dialogue regarding slavery. 1854: The Missouri Compromise of 1820 is repealed. The issue of slavery continues to create tensions throughout the U.S. 1857: James Buchanan is elected as the 15th president. 1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford: Supreme Court rules that slaves are not citizens. Revokes the right of states to ban slavery. The Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford is unanimously denounced by scholars. Bernard Schwartz says it "stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions” Chief Justice C.E. Hughes called it “the Court's greatest self-inflicted wound". Junius P. Rodriguez says it is "universally condemned as the U.S. Supreme Court's worst decision". 1860: November 6th Abraham Lincoln is elected as president. 1860: South Carolina secedes from the Union (Dec. 20). Southern states create the Confederate States of American and secede from the Union. These states include Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas and Louisiana. 1861–1865: The North and South begin the Civil War

Answer 20

The North was called The Union. The South was called The Confederacy.

Answer 21

 Union General William T. Sherman who captured and set fire to Atlanta Georgia.  General Ulysses S. Grant captured the capital of the Confederacy at Richmond.  Virginia Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse.  Battle of Gettysburg was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point.

Answer 22

https://www.facebook.com/MicMedia/videos/1620753744614076/?hc_ref=ARTHXjEoINDnDCpoXvgUt_Vb9FEvCu-cJv1VD30XV7Y27hyKqS-tgDP2eVLT56uGMs4

Answer 23

Abraham Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, in which he declared that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states in rebellion against the Union "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." The Gettysburg Address is famously delivered by President Lincoln.

Answer 24

American Civil War ends. In an event that is generally regarded as marking the end of the Civil War, Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of Confederate forces west of the Mississippi, signs the surrender terms offered by Union negotiators. With Smith’s surrender, the last Confederate army ceased to exist, bringing a formal end to the bloodiest four years in U.S. history.

Answer 25

rule by a few

Answer 26

rule by law

Answer 27

The Indian Caste System it is more rigid than the American Class System. There is more flexibility and mobility in a Class System.

Answer 28

1914: Arch Duke Ferdinand’s assassination in Sarajevo begins World War I

Answer 29

1914–1918 World War I: U.S. enters World War I

Answer 30

1919 League of Nations is created after the end of the war. This is a precursor to the United Nations. The US is not a member.

Answer 31

The Treaty of Versailles is signed in 1919, which forces Germany to take responsibility for the WWI and to make reparations. This treaty later led to the attitude of nationalism that helped propel Hitler into power.

Answer 32

At first the US declares that it is neutral. However the bombing at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941 forces the US to declare War on Japan. Germany and Italy declare war on the US. The US responds by declaring War. FDR is reelected for a third term in 1941 and again for a fourth term in 1945.

Answer 33

D –Day at Normandy as Allies invade France. Germany surrenders.

Answer 34

When FDR dies of a stroke in 1945 he is succeeded by his Vice President Harry Truman.

Answer 35

The Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan by the US. Japan surrenders.

Answer 36

October 24, 1945

Answer 37

Marshal Plan is passed by Congress as part of post war recovery efforts in Europe.

Answer 38

Japanese Americans were rounded up and sent to concentration camps in Utah and other areas in the Midwest after the bombing of Pearl Harbor as a “protective measure” for the country. This is a violation of the Bill of Rights and is why many people are concerned about Trump banning Arab Muslims in the U.S. The Japanese Internment is a terrible mistake in American History and many are worried about repeating it.

Answer 39

The origin of the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler. The "Final Solution" was implemented in stages. After the Nazi party rise to power, state-enforced racism resulted in anti-Jewish legislation, boycotts, "Aryanization," and finally the "Night of Broken Glass" (Kristallnacht) pogrom, all of which aimed to remove the Jews from German society. After the beginning of World War II, anti-Jewish policy evolved into a comprehensive plan to concentrate and eventually annihilate European Jewry. Hitler attempted to exterminate as many Jews and “non-desirables” as possible as part of The Final Solution. Many died in Concentration Camps like Auschwitz.

Answer 40

 Jews: up to 6 million  Soviet civilians: around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million figure for Jews)  Soviet prisoners of war: around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers)  Non-Jewish Polish civilians: around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish elites)  Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina): 312,000  People with disabilities living in institutions: up to 250,000  Roma (Gypsies): 196,000–220,000  Jehovah's Witnesses: around 1,900  Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials: at least 70,000  German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory: undetermined  Homosexuals: hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials noted above)

Answer 41

The main Allied powers were Great Britain, The United States, China, and the Soviet Union. The leaders of the Allies were Franklin Roosevelt (the United States), Winston Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (the Soviet Union).

Answer 42

The main Axis powers were Germany, Japan and Italy. The Axis leaders were Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Emperor Hirohito (Japan).

Answer 43

United Kingdom 450,700 United States 418,500 Soviet Union 24,000,000

Answer 44

1957 President Eisenhower is forced to send Federal Troops to Little Rock Arkansas because of forced integration of public schools. Central High School in Arkansas is backed Governor Orval Faubus. And the students who were trying to integrate became known as the Little Rock Nine. Sputnik 1 was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. Because of this the US began spending major funding on Science Programs in American public schools.

Answer 45

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn.

Answer 46

Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles, Calif.

Answer 47

Vietnam had a very significant impact on the United States. It is not considered a real war because we never declared war, even though we often refer to it that way. Since the United States Congress never declared war against Vietnam, it was actually a conflict. In fact, the U.S Congress hasn’t declared any war since the World War II in 1942. So the Afghanistan (against al-Qaeda) or Iraq l ikewise is not a war but just a conflict.

Answer 48

 The voting age was lowered to 18: March 23, 1971. Passed by Congress Ratified July 1, 1971. The 26th Amendment changed a portion of the 14th Amendment Amendment XXVI RIGHT TO VOTE AT AGE 18  U.S. Military ends drafts January 27, 1973 U.S. military draft ends. Serving in the military is no longer a legal responsibility of US Citizens.

Answer 49

 Citizens are legally required to serve in Jury Duty.  Citizens are legally required to register their children in school (Homeschooling is considered registering a child to receive education. All children are mandated to receive an education. Jury Duty and Schooling are LEGAL requirements).  Citizens are expected to obey laws and also to pay taxes.  US Citizens are encouraged to participate in the government by voting. However it is not a legal responsibility to vote.

Answer 50

- most famous movement in US History -This movement is fundamental in fighting for equality in education and has had an impact on the Special Education Programs even to today. - Lasting from about 1955 until 1968 it concerned the Rights of African Americans in the United States.

Answer 51

- Plessy vs Ferguson (1896; Hint: remember this as: Plessy is Messy. Plessy made a huge mess in the United States): This ruling is shocking to modern Americans because it ruled that African Americans were not allowed to eat in the same restaurants, go to the same schools and live in the same neighborhood as white people simply because of the color of their skin. It is a horrible part of American history that has hurt and oppressed many of our people. This ruling upheld Segregation as legal. - Many years later the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Supreme Court ruled that schools must be desegregated. Although the laws were changing, people’s attitudes were not, which led to some of the following moments in history.

Answer 52

Ruby Nell Bridges was born on 8th of September 1954, the year the US Supreme Court ruled that all schools must desegregate. Ruby had gone to a segregated kindergarten and after passing psychological and education tests, she was the only black child chosen to attend William Frantz Elementary in 1960. Below is a picture of Ruby Bridges in 1960 and another of Ruby Bridges today. Those impacted by Institutionalized racism are not just old black and white pictures of people from long ago in history. They are with us and are impacted by the racism that has endured: it is alive and well around us every day. We are all hurt by the devastating effects of racism and as educators we have a specific responsibility to stop it when we see it happening today. This is our job as participants in living history: we must always speak out against it and not be afraid to do so.

Answer 53

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956. When Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus so that a white man could sit down, she was arrested. This arrest sparked outrage among the African American community and others who were sympathetic to their fight. Montgomery Alabama’s buses were boycotted for 381 days until the full desegregation was mandated on the buses.

Answer 54

Though this happened in 1954 it took years to enforce it. Two examples of those who refused to desegregate the school were the Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus and the Governor of Alabama George Wallace. Below is a picture of Faubus mobilizing the local National Guard to prevent African American students from entering Central High School. Notice the Confederate flag. President Eisenhower had to federalize the National Guard in Little Rock Arkansas to enforce desegregation at Central High School in1957. Elizabeth Ekford was one of the “Little Rock Nine.” These nine African America students were on the front lines of attempting to integrate the schools.

Answer 55

Lunch Counters at Woolworths stores were the scene of “sit-ins” during the 1960s. Sit ins were peaceful protests during which African Americans would refuse to leave the white section of the lunch counters until they were served. All were usually arrested. This form of protest is known as “Civil Disobedience” and was supported by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who felt man had a moral obligation to disobey an unjust law.

Answer 56

March on Washington, 1963 Dr. King delivers his famous I Have a Dream speech at the National Mall in Washington D.C.

Answer 57

1968 Dr. King is assassinated the day after giving his ― Mountaintop speech in Memphis Tennessee. Major riots break out in the United States.