History Second Trimester Key Terms Flashcards
1
Q
What is a subcontinent?
A
A large landmass that is smaller than a continent
2
Q
Where does the Indus River flow?
A
From the Himalayas into the Arabian Sea
3
Q
What is the significance of the Ganges River?
A
A great river in India where civilizations developed
4
Q
What are monsoons?
A
Seasonal winds that bring rain in summer and cold dry air in winter
5
Q
What was the Indus Valley Civilization?
A
India’s first civilization settled along the Indus River
6
Q
Describe Mohenjo-Daro.
A
A large city in India with two parts: a fortress for the wealthy and a city for the poor
7
Q
What is Harappa?
A
A large Indian city almost identical to Mohenjo-Daro
8
Q
What does Aryan Migration refer to?
A
Groups of people (Aryans) that migrated to India
9
Q
What is a language family?
A
A group of similar languages
10
Q
What is a raja?
A
An Indian prince
11
Q
What is Sanskrit?
A
The first written language of India
12
Q
What are the Vedas?
A
Ancient sacred writings of India in Sanskrit
13
Q
What are varnas?
A
The social classes of India
14
Q
What defines a pilgrim?
A
A person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons
15
Q
Who is Siddhartha Gautama?
A
Indian prince, founder of Buddhism
16
Q
What are Sudras?
A
Manual workers and servants
17
Q
What is a caste?
A
A class of the varnas
18
Q
Who are the Untouchables?
A
The lowest level of Indian society, often given degrading jobs
19
Q
What is a guru?
A
A teacher
20
Q
What is Hinduism?
A
A religion native to India, featuring belief in 3 gods and reincarnation
21
Q
What is Brahman?
A
The Universal spirit in Hinduism
22
Q
Who is Brahma?
A
The creator god in Hinduism
23
Q
Who is Shiva?
A
The destroyer god in Hinduism
24
Q
Who is Vishnu?
A
The preserver god in Hinduism
25
What is reincarnation?
The rebirth of a soul in a new body
26
What is karma?
(Hinduism and Buddhism) The effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation
27
What is dharma?
In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties
28
What is moksha?
Hindu concept of the ultimate peace
29
Who was Gandhi?
Leader of the Indian independence movement known for nonviolent protests
30
What is Buddhism?
A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha
31
What are the Four Noble Truths?
The four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism
32
What is the Eightfold Path?
Basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering in Buddhism
33
What is nirvana?
The ultimate peace in Buddhism
34
What is Theravada Buddhism?
Buddhists that thought the Buddha was a teacher not a god
35
What is Mahayana Buddhism?
Buddhists that thought the Buddha was a god
36
What is Jainism?
A religion that branched off from Hinduism and believes everything has a soul
37
What is ahimsa?
Jain belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life
38
Who was Chandra Gupta Maurya?
Conquered India and built a well-run government in Pataliputra
39
Who was Ashoka?
Leader of the Mauryan dynasty who converted to Buddhism
40
What are stupas?
Buddhist shrines
41
Who was Chandra Gupta?
Founder of the Gupta Empire
42
Who was Samudra Gupta?
Chandra Gupta's son who ruled the Gupta Empire and led it into its golden age
43
What is a warlord?
A military commander exercising civil power by force
44
What is an aristocrat?
A member of an upper class of society
45
What is an ancestor?
A person that someone is descended from
46
What is a pictograph?
A symbol in a writing system that represents a thing or idea
47
What is an ideograph?
A symbol in a writing system that represents a thing or an idea
48
What is a bureaucracy?
A group of non-elected government officials
49
What does hereditary mean?
Having title or possession by reason of birth
50
What is the Mandate of Heaven?
The belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods
51
What is Dao?
Chinese system of beliefs describing how a king must rule
52
Who was Confucius?
Founder of Confucianism
53
What are the Himalayan mountains?
The highest mountain range in the world
54
What are oracle bones?
Animal bones carved with written characters used for telling the future
55
What does Yin & Yang represent?
The Daoist concept of opposing forces of nature
56
What is civil service?
The administrative service of a government
57
What is the Shang Dynasty?
The second Chinese dynasty, mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy
58
What is Confucianism?
A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of Confucius
59
What is Daoism?
Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing
60
What is legalism?
Chinese philosophy that taught humans are naturally evil and need to be ruled by harsh laws
61
What is filial piety?
The responsibility of children to respect, obey, and care for their parents
62
What is feudalism?
A political system where nobles are granted land in exchange for loyalty
63
What is philosophy?
A system of beliefs and values
64
What is a social class?
A division of a society based on social and economic status
65
What is a censor?
An official who watches others for correct behavior
66
What is currency?
Something used as a medium of exchange
67
What was the Warring States Period?
Time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty
68
Who was Yu the Great?
Founded the Xia dynasty and created channels to control floods
69
Who was Laozi?
Founder of Daoism
70
What are the terracotta warriors?
Shi Huangdi's army for the afterlife found near his tomb
71
What is the Qin dynasty known for?
Establishing the first centralized imperial government
72
What is the Zhou Dynasty?
The longest lasting Chinese dynasty
73
What is a tenant farmer?
Farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent
74
What is acupuncture?
A Chinese practice of inserting fine needles to treat disease or relieve pain
75
What does unify mean?
To join together into one group
76
Who was Qin Shihuangdi?
The first emperor to rule a united China
77
What is the Huang He?
A major river of Asia in northern China
78
What is the Chang Jiang?
The longest river in Asia
79
What is the Gobi Desert?
One of the world's largest deserts, covers part of China
80
What is the Taklamakan Desert?
A desert in Northwestern China
81
Who is Shang Ti?
The earliest known name for the supreme deity in China
82
Who was Hanfeizi?
Founder of Legalism
83
What is The Great Wall?
A barrier made of walls across China's northern frontier
84
What is the Han dynasty known for?
Ruling China and expanding its boundaries
85
What is the Silk Road?
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea
86
What is a peninsula?
A body of land with water surrounding it on three sides
87
What is Crete?
A large island where the Minoans were located
88
What is Knossos?
The Minoan city on Crete
89
Who were the Minoans?
A civilization that developed on Crete
90
What is the Minotaur?
Mythological half bull, half man creature that lived on Crete
91
Who were the Mycenaeans?
First Greek-speaking people who invaded Minoans
92
What is the Dark Age?
Time period when there is no writing present
93
Who were the Dorians?
A Greek-speaking people who migrated into mainland Greece
94
Who are the Hellenes?
Descendants of those who fled the Dorians
95
What is an alphabet?
A set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language
96
Who were the Phoenicians?
A civilization in Judah, very good sailors
97
What are bards?
Someone who writes or performs epic poems
98
What are colonies?
A group of people living in a new territory with ties to their homeland
99
What is a polis?
A Greek city-state
100
What is an acropolis?
A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city
101
What is an agora?
A gathering place; marketplace in ancient Greece
102
What is citizenship?
Informed and active membership in a political community
103
What are hoplites?
Heavily armed Greek infantrymen
104
What is a phalanx?
A group of armed foot soldiers arranged close together
105
What is a tyrant?
An absolute leader unrestrained by law
106
What is an oligarchy?
A government in which a small group has control
107
What is democracy?
A government by the people
108
What is Sparta?
Greek city-state ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military
109
Who are helots?
Local Spartan slaves
110
What is an assembly?
A group of citizens with the power to pass laws
111
What is the Council of Elders?
The 28 Spartans over the age of 60 that helped make laws
112
What are ephors?
A group of 5 officials that helped govern Sparta
113
Who was Solon?
Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms
114
Who was Pesistratus?
Tyrant who built foundations for democracy in Athens
115
Who was Cleisthenes?
An aristocrat who created a council of 500
116
Who was King Cyrus?
King of Persia who conquered many ancient kingdoms
117
What is the Royal Road?
A road for government use built by Darius
118
What is a satrap?
A governor of a province in ancient Persia
119
What are satrapies?
Provinces in the Persian Empire
120
What is Zoroastrianism?
A religion that stresses the fight between good and evil
121
Who is Ahura - Mazda?
Main god of Zoroastrianism representing truth and goodness
122
What are The Immortals?
10,000 elite Persian soldiers
123
Who was Darius 1?
Persian emperor who restored order to the Persian Empire
124
What was the Battle of Marathon?
Greek victory over the Persian army that ended the First Persian War
125
Who is Xerses?
Darius' son who swore to a lifetime of hatred to Athens
126
Who was King Leonidas?
King of Sparta; military commander in Battle of Thermopylae
127
What was the Battle of Thermopylae?
Battle where 300 Spartans fought 200,000 Persian soldiers
128
Who was Themistocles?
Athenian Navy General in the Persian war
129
What was the Battle of Salamis?
Greek victory over the Persian navy during the Second Persian War
130
What was the Battle of Plataea?
The last major battle of the Greco-Persian War
131
What is direct democracy?
A form of government in which citizens rule directly
132
What is representative democracy?
Form of government where citizens elect representatives
133
Who was Pericles?
Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens
134
Who are philosophers?
A person who searches for wisdom or enlightenment
135
What is the Delian League?
Athens alliance with Greek city-states
136
What is the Peloponnesian League?
Sparta's alliance to compete with the Delian League
137
What is the Funeral Oration?
Famous speech by Pericles on the virtues of Athenian democracy
