History- Sea-based Empires Flashcards
Encomienda
Natives worked on Spanish plantations and mines for protection in Christian faith
Hacienda
owners of large estates directly employed natives- not slaves but had low wages, high taxes, large debts to owners- never really free-peons, a hacienda is a large tract of colonial land owned by Spanish settlers
Top of Spanish Colony Society
Peninsulares- Born in Spain, moved to Spanish colonies, saw themselves as citizens rather than colonials
Second in Society
Creoles- Peninsulares parents, but born in the colonies
Third in Spanish Society
Mestizos- of Spanish and Indian descent- Indians could get an education and pass as a mestizo
Mulattoes- of Portuguese/Spanish and African
descent
Fourth in Spanish Society
Native Indians, enslaved Africans
Syncretism Examples
Christian saints blended with Indian gods
Vodu to Voodoo
Slaves in N. America pt. 1
By the 1750s all slaves were born in the new world in USA-some even political figures, scholars, musicians, writes, artists-some hired as slave catchers
N. America vs. S. America
British -rapidly changing society vs. all Christian Spanish. Protestant vs. Catholic
Puritans(Massachusetts) and Quakers(Pennsylvania) wanted to escape old world
Spanish colonies were a clone of the mother country
more British settlers than Spanish by 1750 5-1
Women wanted in homes
Protestants encouraged reading the Bible and increased literacy rates- by 1750, 75% of white males were literate in the USA, 95% of males in Spanish colonies were illiterate
British colonies
Self-governing, relying on joint-stock companies and wealthy loyalists, 1600s- Parliament vs. England,
Spanish Colonies
Imperial Bureaucracy under Spanish crown
Slaves pt. 1
12.5 million-middle passage-14% died, Slave trade benefited some African societies and destroyed others, created racism, Introduced new cultures, religions, cuisine, music to the Americas, Increased American wealth A LOT
Slaves pt. 2
Began in IOT, but not as large or cruel as in the colonies, Russia important supplier of slaves before 1500-Slavic slaves,
Slaves pt. 3
Sugar was found by Europeans in the Mediterranean and so Europeans created colonies there and on West African coasts to have sugar plantations maintained by African slaves. Sugar provided great profits for Europe and slaves helped with that, The process of elimination forced Africans to become the main slave income. Natives were all dead, the Slavic peoples were cut-off bc ottoman seizure of constantinople, Europeans were Christian, so they couldn’t be slaves, European workers got “wages”
Slaves pt. 4
Africans were wanted because they were skilled farmers, were immune to pretty much all European and Caribean diseases, were not Christians, and were large in population.
Slaves pt. 5
African elites were really in control
African sellers acquired Indian and European goods including firearms and silver in exchange for slave
Most slaves to Caribean or Brazil
Slaves pt. 6
Females in Africa took on most of the work and were slaves throughout Africa. Men married many women and had many female slaves
Some women could accumulate wealth because of the absence of men
Signares-women in a white male and black woman marriage. Provided opportunities for both- males had connections and women grew wealthy and ran their own trading empires
Megallen
First to sail around the world
Japan
Isolationism because Europeans posed threats to traditional culture-silver-flourished in a commercial economy
Stuff
Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.
