History- Sea-based Empires

Question 1

Encomienda

Answer 1

Natives worked on Spanish plantations and mines for protection in Christian faith

Question 2

Hacienda

Answer 2

owners of large estates directly employed natives- not slaves but had low wages, high taxes, large debts to owners- never really free-peons, a hacienda is a large tract of colonial land owned by Spanish settlers

Question 3

Top of Spanish Colony Society

Answer 3

Peninsulares- Born in Spain, moved to Spanish colonies, saw themselves as citizens rather than colonials

Question 4

Second in Society

Answer 4

Creoles- Peninsulares parents, but born in the colonies

Question 5

Third in Spanish Society

Answer 5

Mestizos- of Spanish and Indian descent- Indians could get an education and pass as a mestizo
Mulattoes- of Portuguese/Spanish and African
descent

Question 6

Fourth in Spanish Society

Answer 6

Native Indians, enslaved Africans

Question 7

Syncretism Examples

Answer 7

Christian saints blended with Indian gods

Vodu to Voodoo

Question 8

Slaves in N. America pt. 1

Answer 8

By the 1750s all slaves were born in the new world in USA-some even political figures, scholars, musicians, writes, artists-some hired as slave catchers

Question 9

N. America vs. S. America

Answer 9

British -rapidly changing society vs. all Christian Spanish. Protestant vs. Catholic
Puritans(Massachusetts) and Quakers(Pennsylvania) wanted to escape old world
Spanish colonies were a clone of the mother country
more British settlers than Spanish by 1750 5-1
Women wanted in homes
Protestants encouraged reading the Bible and increased literacy rates- by 1750, 75% of white males were literate in the USA, 95% of males in Spanish colonies were illiterate

Question 10

British colonies

Answer 10

Self-governing, relying on joint-stock companies and wealthy loyalists, 1600s- Parliament vs. England,

Question 11

Spanish Colonies

Answer 11

Imperial Bureaucracy under Spanish crown

Question 12

Slaves pt. 1

Answer 12

12.5 million-middle passage-14% died, Slave trade benefited some African societies and destroyed others, created racism, Introduced new cultures, religions, cuisine, music to the Americas, Increased American wealth A LOT

Question 13

Slaves pt. 2

Answer 13

Began in IOT, but not as large or cruel as in the colonies, Russia important supplier of slaves before 1500-Slavic slaves,

Question 14

Slaves pt. 3

Answer 14

Sugar was found by Europeans in the Mediterranean and so Europeans created colonies there and on West African coasts to have sugar plantations maintained by African slaves. Sugar provided great profits for Europe and slaves helped with that, The process of elimination forced Africans to become the main slave income. Natives were all dead, the Slavic peoples were cut-off bc ottoman seizure of constantinople, Europeans were Christian, so they couldn’t be slaves, European workers got “wages”

Question 15

Slaves pt. 4

Answer 15

Africans were wanted because they were skilled farmers, were immune to pretty much all European and Caribean diseases, were not Christians, and were large in population.

Question 16

Slaves pt. 5

Answer 16

African elites were really in control
African sellers acquired Indian and European goods including firearms and silver in exchange for slave
Most slaves to Caribean or Brazil

Question 17

Slaves pt. 6

Answer 17

Females in Africa took on most of the work and were slaves throughout Africa. Men married many women and had many female slaves
Some women could accumulate wealth because of the absence of men
Signares-women in a white male and black woman marriage. Provided opportunities for both- males had connections and women grew wealthy and ran their own trading empires

Question 18

Megallen

Answer 18

First to sail around the world

Question 19

Japan

Answer 19

Isolationism because Europeans posed threats to traditional culture-silver-flourished in a commercial economy

Question 20

Stuff

Answer 20

Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.