history review Flashcards
what was the cause of the act of union
the rebellions of 1837-1838
who demanded responsible government during the act of union
parti patriots
what was the Durham report
Lord Durham wanted to unite Upper and
Lower Canada, which would lead to the assimilation of the French
Canadians. Lord Durham also recommended Responsible
Government.
what was the goal of the act of union
to unite upper and lower Canada and create the province of Canada
why did the British government decide not to implement responsible government
it would give the colony too much control/power
what was the government structure under the act of union
one executive council, one legislative council and one legislative assembly made up of 42 members from Canada East and 42 members from Canada West
what were the causes of the UK ending their preferential tariffs before 1846
great Britain practiced protectionism
what are preferential tariffs
This is an economic policy that a government puts in
place to protect its country or empire from foreign competition.
what is protectionism
Protectionism favors the purchase of materials from its colonies by imposing
custom duties/tariffs on raw materials from outside of the British Empire.
also a school of thought
what were the causes of the UK ending their preferential tariffs after 1846
Great Britain abandoned their protectionist policy towards their colonies and
adopted Free Trade.
what was the corn laws
The Corn Laws were part of Britain’s colonial economic system. Grain from the colonies
entered Britain tax free or with only a low tariff (tax), but grains from any other country
had a substantial tax added to its price.
what year did London abolish the corn laws
1846
why was Canada seeking reciprocity with the US
For the Province of Canada/United Canada → By getting rid of these preferential
tariffs, it hurt the farmers in Canada West because they now had to compete
against all other countries that wanted to sell their wheat to Britain. The Province
of Canada/United Canada was forced to find new markets in order to develop
its economy.
what year did United Canada and the USA sign the reciprocity treaty
1845
what were the causes of the increased immigration
The Irish immigrants came because of the potato famine (1845-1847). Two million Irish
people were forced to leave Ireland and come to North America.
how many British immigrants arrived in the province of Canada between 1840 and 1867
over half a million
where did most of them settle
Canada west (upper Canada) which was an English colony and
offered a lot of free land.
how many immigrants arrived in Canada between 1867 and 1896
nearly 1.5 million (mainly from Great Britain)
what were the problems associated with diseases
Many immigrants came to the Province of Canada with diseases.
where did the government set up quarantine stations
Grosse Ile
what year was responsible government
1848
what was the Baldwin-Lafontaine Alliance
Robert Baldwin was the leader of the Reformers in Canada West (Upper Canada) and
Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine was the leader of the Reformers in Canada East (Lower
Canada). This alliance was called the “Baldwin-LaFontaine Alliance”. They formed this
alliance because both leaders wanted RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT.
how did they achieve responsible government
they won the majority of the seats in the legislative assembly
what is the family compact
The Family Compact is the term used by historians for a small closed group of
men who exercised most of the political, economic and judicial power in Upper
Canada (modern Ontario) from the 1810s to the 1840s.
what is the chateau clique
Chateau Clique is a nickname given to the small group of officials, usually
members of the anglophone merchant community, including John MOLSON and
James MCGILL, who dominated the executive and legislative councils, the
judiciary and senior bureaucratic positions of LOWER CANADA until the 1830s.
what was the rebellion losses bill
In 1848/1849, Governor Elgin did not veto the “Rebellion Losses Bill”. This bill was
extremely controversial because it provided financial compensation for people who
had property damage and business losses during the Rebellions of 1837-1838.
what was the reaction of the English Canadians to the rebellions losses bill
it made them very upset and on April 25, 1849, they set the
Parliament building in Montreal on fire.
what were the two options that farmers could choose from as a result of the major population movements in the second half of the 19th century
- Move to the city to find work in newly built factories.
- Emigrate (leave Quebec) to the United States, where there were more job
opportunities.
what were the measures to counter emigration
In order to stop the emigration to the United States, the Quebec government
along with the Catholic clergy introduced the Agricultural Colonization
Programs, which encouraged the French Canadians to move to the newly
opened regions, such as Outaouais, Saguenay and Lac St-Jean.
what is agriculturalism
Agriculturalism was an ideology that rejected the industrial world and valued
farming and a return to the land.
a school of thought
who were agriculturalists
a person who believes in agriculturalism
what was Rural Exodus
massive amounts of people leaving the rural area (farmlands) due to
the overpopulation (too many people for the amount of land) of farmlands
why were Northeastern American Industries Booming
French Canadians were attracted to the
growing industries that offer an abundance of jobs with better wages in the USA
(Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts) factories.
who was Cure Antoine Labelle
a Catholic priest became Quebec’s deputy minister of
colonization. He was responsible for organizing the development of the Laurentians,
Outaouais, Saguenay and Lac St. Jean regions.
what were the types of industries in the first phase of industrialization
-food
-leather
-tobacco
-textiles
-lumber/wood
-iron and steel
canal construction, what year and what happened
beginning of the 1820s
many new canals were built, including the Lachine Canal,
which allowed ships to bypass the rapids at Montreal, and the Rideau Canal, which
connected Ottawa and Kingston. After the Act of Union, they extended this network
by adding new canals along the St. Lawrence River.
The Intercolonial Railways and The Trans-Canada Railway, what year and what happened
1856
the Grand Trunk Railway was built to connect Montreal and Toronto. After
Confederation (1867), the Intercolonial Railway extended the Grand Trunk line to the
Port of Halifax (passing through New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). In 1885, the first
transcontinental, the Canadian Pacific, connected Eastern Canada to Vancouver, BC
(in the west).
what were the working conditions in the first phase of industrialization
Factory workers’ wages/salaries were too low to support a family. Women and children were paid less
than men for the same work. The workweek consisted of 60 to 72 hours/week. Factories were very
unhealthy à they were poorly ventilated, poorly heated and had very dangerous machinery, which led to
many work-related accidents.
what were the living conditions during the first phase of industrialization
Their neighborhoods were located close to the factories.
Their dwellings were very small, unsanitary, no electricity, no running water and no sewers. People had
to use outdoor bathrooms (outhouses). Coal was used for heating and to power the machinery. This led
to air pollution.
what was the union movement during the first phase of industrialization
The workers’ movement in Canada began when workers became aware of the need to join forces in
order to demand changes in their working conditions.
what is a labor/trade union
an organization that has been formed by workers in order to represent their
rights and interests to their employers.
what was the main energy source during the first phase of industrialization
The main source of energy used during the first Phase of Industrialization was
coal/steam engine.
what would investors do during the first phase of indusrtialization
During the First Phase of Industrialization, British investors would invest their own
money in Quebec.
ultramontanism:
The followers of ultramontanism believe that the Roman Catholic Church should be
part of ALL aspects/areas of society, ESPECIALLY in politics. Monseigneur (Mgr)
Bourget is a representative of Ultramontanism. Under his orders, Mary, Queen of the
World Cathedral was built between 1875 and 1894.
Anti-Clericalism:
It is an ideology that is AGAINST the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in all
aspects/areas EXCEPT for the religious aspect. Institut Canadien de Montreal (ICM): is a library where its members could read local and foreign newspapers and they could
also borrow books on science, literature, philosophy and law. It also had books that
were banned by the Pope. Louis-Antoine Dessaulles served as President of the ICM. In 1847, ICM members founded their own newspaper called “L’Avenir”. ICM began to advocate for the separation of the Church and State (government).
what is Secularism
the separation of the Church and State (government).
what were the main economic causes and characteristics of confederation (BNA)
The US refused the resign the Reciprocity Treaty in 1864, which gave
Canada economic hardships.
what were the main political causes and characteristics of confederation (BNA)
Canada was experiencing ministerial instability/government instability.
Between 1854 and 1864, there were more than 10 minority governments in United
Canada.
what were the main military causes and characteristics of confederation (BNA)
The US was threatening to invade Canada (Manifest Destiny). Also, threats
from the Fenians (people of Irish descent living in the US).
what was The Great Coalition
George Brown, leader of the Clear Grits (Liberals), wanted to put an end to ministerial
instability. He proposed an alliance with John A. MacDonald and George-Étienne
Cartier (who were the Conservative leaders). Their main objective was a
Confederation of all the British North American colonies.
Charlottetown Conference (September, 1864)
Representatives of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI met to discuss a Maritime Union.
United Canada asked to join them in these discussions. When the conference ended, they all
agreed to consider a larger federal union of all the British North American colonies.
Quebec Conference (October, 1864)
Representatives met again and Newfoundland joined this conference. A federal union
(federalism) was agreed upon. The representatives at the Quebec Conference adopted the
“72 Resolutions”.
what is federalism
a political system in which two levels of
government share power. The federal government and the Provincial government.
a school of thought
federal government
only deals with Canada
provincial governments
each province has its own government
London Conference (1866)
Representatives of the 4 colonies that accepted the 72 Resolutions met in London, England to
finalize the arrangements. The 72 Resolutions were revised and it was the framework of the
British North America Act (BNA Act).The new country was called the Dominion of Canada. Its
capital city was Ottawa. Lastly, the Federal government was given greater powers than the
Provincial governments.
The four colonies that were involved in confederation
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Residual Powers of confederation
make laws for the “Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada. It is
residual in relation to provincial governments as it is specifically limited to matters not
assigned to the provincial legislatures.
Power of Disallowance in confederation
This is a Federal power in which the Federal government has the
right to disallow any provincial law that has an affect on the rest of Canada.
The Goal of The National Policy:
The National Policy was an economic strategy to revive industrial development in Canada.
The Policy had three Main Components:
a) An Increase in Custom Tariffs/Duties
b) To Build and Complete the Railway: this was aimed to facilitate
c) An Increase in Immigration to Settle Western Canada:
