history review Flashcards
what was the cause of the act of union
the rebellions of 1837-1838
who demanded responsible government during the act of union
parti patriots
what was the Durham report
Lord Durham wanted to unite Upper and
Lower Canada, which would lead to the assimilation of the French
Canadians. Lord Durham also recommended Responsible
Government.
what was the goal of the act of union
to unite upper and lower Canada and create the province of Canada
why did the British government decide not to implement responsible government
it would give the colony too much control/power
what was the government structure under the act of union
one executive council, one legislative council and one legislative assembly made up of 42 members from Canada East and 42 members from Canada West
what were the causes of the UK ending their preferential tariffs before 1846
great Britain practiced protectionism
what are preferential tariffs
This is an economic policy that a government puts in
place to protect its country or empire from foreign competition.
what is protectionism
Protectionism favors the purchase of materials from its colonies by imposing
custom duties/tariffs on raw materials from outside of the British Empire.
also a school of thought
what were the causes of the UK ending their preferential tariffs after 1846
Great Britain abandoned their protectionist policy towards their colonies and
adopted Free Trade.
what was the corn laws
The Corn Laws were part of Britain’s colonial economic system. Grain from the colonies
entered Britain tax free or with only a low tariff (tax), but grains from any other country
had a substantial tax added to its price.
what year did London abolish the corn laws
1846
why was Canada seeking reciprocity with the US
For the Province of Canada/United Canada → By getting rid of these preferential
tariffs, it hurt the farmers in Canada West because they now had to compete
against all other countries that wanted to sell their wheat to Britain. The Province
of Canada/United Canada was forced to find new markets in order to develop
its economy.
what year did United Canada and the USA sign the reciprocity treaty
1845
what were the causes of the increased immigration
The Irish immigrants came because of the potato famine (1845-1847). Two million Irish
people were forced to leave Ireland and come to North America.
how many British immigrants arrived in the province of Canada between 1840 and 1867
over half a million
where did most of them settle
Canada west (upper Canada) which was an English colony and
offered a lot of free land.
how many immigrants arrived in Canada between 1867 and 1896
nearly 1.5 million (mainly from Great Britain)
what were the problems associated with diseases
Many immigrants came to the Province of Canada with diseases.
where did the government set up quarantine stations
Grosse Ile
what year was responsible government
1848
what was the Baldwin-Lafontaine Alliance
Robert Baldwin was the leader of the Reformers in Canada West (Upper Canada) and
Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine was the leader of the Reformers in Canada East (Lower
Canada). This alliance was called the “Baldwin-LaFontaine Alliance”. They formed this
alliance because both leaders wanted RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT.
how did they achieve responsible government
they won the majority of the seats in the legislative assembly
what is the family compact
The Family Compact is the term used by historians for a small closed group of
men who exercised most of the political, economic and judicial power in Upper
Canada (modern Ontario) from the 1810s to the 1840s.
what is the chateau clique
Chateau Clique is a nickname given to the small group of officials, usually
members of the anglophone merchant community, including John MOLSON and
James MCGILL, who dominated the executive and legislative councils, the
judiciary and senior bureaucratic positions of LOWER CANADA until the 1830s.
what was the rebellion losses bill
In 1848/1849, Governor Elgin did not veto the “Rebellion Losses Bill”. This bill was
extremely controversial because it provided financial compensation for people who
had property damage and business losses during the Rebellions of 1837-1838.
what was the reaction of the English Canadians to the rebellions losses bill
it made them very upset and on April 25, 1849, they set the
Parliament building in Montreal on fire.
what were the two options that farmers could choose from as a result of the major population movements in the second half of the 19th century
- Move to the city to find work in newly built factories.
- Emigrate (leave Quebec) to the United States, where there were more job
opportunities.
what were the measures to counter emigration
In order to stop the emigration to the United States, the Quebec government
along with the Catholic clergy introduced the Agricultural Colonization
Programs, which encouraged the French Canadians to move to the newly
opened regions, such as Outaouais, Saguenay and Lac St-Jean.
what is agriculturalism
Agriculturalism was an ideology that rejected the industrial world and valued
farming and a return to the land.
a school of thought
who were agriculturalists
a person who believes in agriculturalism
what was Rural Exodus
massive amounts of people leaving the rural area (farmlands) due to
the overpopulation (too many people for the amount of land) of farmlands
why were Northeastern American Industries Booming
French Canadians were attracted to the
growing industries that offer an abundance of jobs with better wages in the USA
(Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts) factories.
who was Cure Antoine Labelle
a Catholic priest became Quebec’s deputy minister of
colonization. He was responsible for organizing the development of the Laurentians,
Outaouais, Saguenay and Lac St. Jean regions.
what were the types of industries in the first phase of industrialization
-food
-leather
-tobacco
-textiles
-lumber/wood
-iron and steel
canal construction, what year and what happened
beginning of the 1820s
many new canals were built, including the Lachine Canal,
which allowed ships to bypass the rapids at Montreal, and the Rideau Canal, which
connected Ottawa and Kingston. After the Act of Union, they extended this network
by adding new canals along the St. Lawrence River.
The Intercolonial Railways and The Trans-Canada Railway, what year and what happened
1856
the Grand Trunk Railway was built to connect Montreal and Toronto. After
Confederation (1867), the Intercolonial Railway extended the Grand Trunk line to the
Port of Halifax (passing through New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). In 1885, the first
transcontinental, the Canadian Pacific, connected Eastern Canada to Vancouver, BC
(in the west).
what were the working conditions in the first phase of industrialization
Factory workers’ wages/salaries were too low to support a family. Women and children were paid less
than men for the same work. The workweek consisted of 60 to 72 hours/week. Factories were very
unhealthy à they were poorly ventilated, poorly heated and had very dangerous machinery, which led to
many work-related accidents.
what were the living conditions during the first phase of industrialization
Their neighborhoods were located close to the factories.
Their dwellings were very small, unsanitary, no electricity, no running water and no sewers. People had
to use outdoor bathrooms (outhouses). Coal was used for heating and to power the machinery. This led
to air pollution.
what was the union movement during the first phase of industrialization
The workers’ movement in Canada began when workers became aware of the need to join forces in
order to demand changes in their working conditions.
what is a labor/trade union
an organization that has been formed by workers in order to represent their
rights and interests to their employers.
what was the main energy source during the first phase of industrialization
The main source of energy used during the first Phase of Industrialization was
coal/steam engine.
what would investors do during the first phase of indusrtialization
During the First Phase of Industrialization, British investors would invest their own
money in Quebec.
ultramontanism:
The followers of ultramontanism believe that the Roman Catholic Church should be
part of ALL aspects/areas of society, ESPECIALLY in politics. Monseigneur (Mgr)
Bourget is a representative of Ultramontanism. Under his orders, Mary, Queen of the
World Cathedral was built between 1875 and 1894.
Anti-Clericalism:
It is an ideology that is AGAINST the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in all
aspects/areas EXCEPT for the religious aspect. Institut Canadien de Montreal (ICM): is a library where its members could read local and foreign newspapers and they could
also borrow books on science, literature, philosophy and law. It also had books that
were banned by the Pope. Louis-Antoine Dessaulles served as President of the ICM. In 1847, ICM members founded their own newspaper called “L’Avenir”. ICM began to advocate for the separation of the Church and State (government).
what is Secularism
the separation of the Church and State (government).
what were the main economic causes and characteristics of confederation (BNA)
The US refused the resign the Reciprocity Treaty in 1864, which gave
Canada economic hardships.
what were the main political causes and characteristics of confederation (BNA)
Canada was experiencing ministerial instability/government instability.
Between 1854 and 1864, there were more than 10 minority governments in United
Canada.
what were the main military causes and characteristics of confederation (BNA)
The US was threatening to invade Canada (Manifest Destiny). Also, threats
from the Fenians (people of Irish descent living in the US).
what was The Great Coalition
George Brown, leader of the Clear Grits (Liberals), wanted to put an end to ministerial
instability. He proposed an alliance with John A. MacDonald and George-Étienne
Cartier (who were the Conservative leaders). Their main objective was a
Confederation of all the British North American colonies.
Charlottetown Conference (September, 1864)
Representatives of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI met to discuss a Maritime Union.
United Canada asked to join them in these discussions. When the conference ended, they all
agreed to consider a larger federal union of all the British North American colonies.
Quebec Conference (October, 1864)
Representatives met again and Newfoundland joined this conference. A federal union
(federalism) was agreed upon. The representatives at the Quebec Conference adopted the
“72 Resolutions”.
what is federalism
a political system in which two levels of
government share power. The federal government and the Provincial government.
a school of thought
federal government
only deals with Canada
provincial governments
each province has its own government
London Conference (1866)
Representatives of the 4 colonies that accepted the 72 Resolutions met in London, England to
finalize the arrangements. The 72 Resolutions were revised and it was the framework of the
British North America Act (BNA Act).The new country was called the Dominion of Canada. Its
capital city was Ottawa. Lastly, the Federal government was given greater powers than the
Provincial governments.
The four colonies that were involved in confederation
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Residual Powers of confederation
make laws for the “Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada. It is
residual in relation to provincial governments as it is specifically limited to matters not
assigned to the provincial legislatures.
Power of Disallowance in confederation
This is a Federal power in which the Federal government has the
right to disallow any provincial law that has an affect on the rest of Canada.
The Goal of The National Policy:
The National Policy was an economic strategy to revive industrial development in Canada.
The Policy had three Main Components:
a) An Increase in Custom Tariffs/Duties
b) To Build and Complete the Railway: this was aimed to facilitate
c) An Increase in Immigration to Settle Western Canada:
what year did the national policy lead to the Metis uprising
1869
how did the national policy lead to the Metis uprising
the Canadian government purchased Rupert’s Land from the Hudson’s Bay
Company, and wanted to start settling and creating provinces, such as Manitoba and
Saskatchewan. However, many Metis lived on this land. Metis are the children of a
European father and Native mothers.
how many Metis lived in the red river region
about 10,000
why were the Metis worried
As new
colonists started to arrive in the Red River Region, the Metis saw them as a threat. The
Metis worried that they would lose their land.
who led the National Committee of Metis.
louis riel
when did louis riel lead the national committee of Metis
December of 1869
what led to the red river rebellions
English Protestant Canadians who lived in
Red River refused to accept the Metis’ Provisional government and wanted to overthrow it.
This upset the Metis and it led to the Red River Rebellions
second phase of industrialization
It was based on the exploitation of natural resources, such as water, timber, ore processing.
Regions in Quebec, such as Saguenay, Mauricie and Outaouais enjoyed significant growth during
this time.
what was The main source of energy during the second phase of industrialization
The new energy source was hydroelectricity.
what Industries developed rapidly during the second phase of industrialization
C - chemicals
H - hydroelectricity
A - Aluminum
M - mining
P - pulp and paper
investors during the second phase of industrialization
it was the American investor who came to Quebec
and invested their money. It was no longer the British investors.
Boer war of 1899
British South African colonies that were occupied by the Boers wanted their independence. Prime Minister
Laurier (an Imperialist) supported
Canada’s involvement in this war; however, he did not impose Conscription. Only Canadians who wanted to volunteer were sent to fight in
South Africa. Premier Henri Bourassa (Quebec government) and other French Canadian
nationalists were against Canada’s involvement in the Empire’s wars, such as this war.
Federal Provincial Relations
Between Quebec and Canada
During WW1:
In 1914, the federal government adopted the War Measures Act. This law allowed the
federal government to make all of the decisions it needed for Canada’s involvement in
the war. The Quebec government had no say. The Federal government sold Victory
Bonds and created a temporary income tax system.
Federal Provincial Relations
Between Quebec and Canada
During the Duplessis Era:
Maurice Duplessis was a defender of provincial autonomy and feared that the loss of
power in Quebec would lead to the assimilation of the French Canadians. He opposed
the Federal Employment Insurance Program and refused subsidized (government
money) for universities and education because that was under the Provincial
government. He also created the Quebec flag (1948) and a provincial income tax
(1954).
Federal Provincial Relations
Between Quebec and Canada
During WW2:
In 1939, the federal government implemented the War Measures Act once again. This
gave the federal government the power to adopt measures essential for the war
efforts. The Quebec government had no say. The Federal government issued Victory
Bonds.
Federal Provincial Relations
Between Quebec and Canada
Conscription Crisis:
English Canadians, particularly Imperialists, felt it was important to contribute to the war
and were for conscription (compulsory enlistment in the army). French Canadians believed
that WWI was an Imperialist War and they were against conscription. This caused a lot of
tension in Quebec between the English and the French. In 1917, an anti-conscription
demonstration took place in Montreal.
Federal Provincial Relations
Between Quebec and Canada
Provincial autonomy:
An ideology in which the provinces should have more power and independence from
the federal government.
Nationalisms in
the 20th and 21st Centuries
(French Canadian Nationalism)
French Canadian nationalists continued to demand that the federal government
respects the jurisdictional autonomy of the provinces. They wanted Canada to have
greater autonomy from the British Empire. Henri Bourassa was a French Canadian
nationalist.
Nationalisms in
the 20th and 21st Centuries
(Canadian Nationalism)
English Canadians who takes pride in being a member in the British Empire. They are
willing to provide financial and military support for the British Empire. Wilfrid Laurier
was a Canadian Nationalist and the Prime Minister of Canada (1896-1911).
Nationalisms in
the 20th and 21st Centuries
(Clerico Nationalism)
To protect French Canadians identity, Clerico-Nationalism defended a rural way of life
and conservative and tradition values. This existed in Quebec from the 1920s to the 1950s.
It was very similar to Survival Nationalism. Lionel Groulx was the leading spokesperson
for Clerico-Nationalism. He was a Catholic priest, historian, teacher, writer and speaker.
what is feminism
A movement that aims to improve the lives of women. They demanded for the recognition of women’s rights.
a school of thought
what is pay equity
In 1977, with the adoption of the Canadian Human Rights Act, it prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender
and guarantees equal pay for equal work.
The right to vote (in Canada and in Quebec) for women
1918 - during WWI, women gained the right to vote in Federal elections (Canada)
1940 - during WWII, women gained the right to vote in Provincial elections (Quebec)
The right to hold office and run in elections for women
In 1961, Claire Kirkland-Casgrain was the first woman to be elected to the National Assembly. In the 1970s,
Therese Casgrain was a French Canadian feminist, reformer, politician and senator.
what were the Suffragette
It is women’s involvement in militant/protesting activities that allowed women to gain the right to vote and
access to higher educational institutions, etc.
what were the roaring twenties
1920-1929
was a time of great economic prosperity in Canada. For those
living in the cities, they increased their consumption
what happened during the 1920s
businesses produced more goods/products than people were
consuming/buying. This led to an overproduction of goods.
what caused the great depression
On October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), many investors in the stock market panicked and they tried to sell their
stocks. Since there were few buyers to buy these stocks, the stock prices dropped drastically, which led to the stock
market crash. The stock market crash led to the beginning of the Great Depression.
what was the unemployment rate by 1929 and 1933
1929: 2.5%
1933: 25%
Keynesian Interventions during the great depression
During the growth periods, the government would limit its spending and reduce access to credit by making
interest rates higher. This helped control inflation rates.
During slowdown periods, the government would spend to stimulate the economy and credit would be more
accessible with lower interest rates
Public works programs during the great depression
The Canadian and Quebec government introduced public work programs in order to create jobs for the
unemployed. Participants built or repaired public building, bridges and roads.
what year was Maurice Duplessis re-elected
1944 and remained in power until 1960
what was Maurice Duplessis’s time in power known as
the great darkness
what year did the Duplessis government create the Quebec flag
1948
His government did this to affirm
Quebec’s identity with Canada.
Clericalism
The influence of the Church was particularly strong during the Duplessis Era.
A school of thought
The Role of The Catholic Church in Education and Health Care
The Roman Catholic Church had complete control over education and health care. Therefore,
Duplessis would give the religious communities money (subsidies) without questioning their activities
or establishing government programs to meet society’s needs.
Americanism
With more households owning TVs, Quebecers were exposed to the American culture. Canadian
broadcasters aired many American shows, which demonstrated American values. Many movie
theatres in Quebec began to show American movies. Quebec culture became influenced by American
culture, which valued freedom, material goods, individualism and economic success → the American
Dream. Americanism: American culture coming to Quebec. Examples: Elvis Presley, Coca Cola and
American cars (Buick, Chrysler, Pontiac).
Suburbs
Between 1945 and 1960, the population started to grow in cities like Quebec and Montreal.
These cities were experiencing a housing shortage. The cost of housing increased, becoming
too high for young families to afford. As a result, many affordable houses were being built in the
suburbs, which is located in the area surrounding the main cities.
Social Conservatism
Although Maurice Duplessis believed in Economic Liberalism, he was a strict Social
Conservative. Duplessis’ main aspirations were to preserve the French language, the
Catholic religion and traditions. He also placed high value on farming and country (rural)
living.
Economic Liberalism
Duplessis adopted economic development policies for Quebec’s regions that focused on foreign
investment, especially from the USA. Duplessis’ ideas were based on Economic Liberalism,
which meant that private enterprise should play a leading role in Quebec’s economic
development. He attracted American investors to Quebec by giving them tax breaks on all
profits that they made.
The Baby Boom
Between 1945 and 1960, there was a sudden increase in the birth rate (over a million
babies were born during this period) and this was called “the Baby Boom”.
Modernization of Quebec
Maurice Duplessis refused for Quebec to become more modernize because he believed in preserving
Quebec’s French language and cultural traditions.
The Rural Electrification Act
In 1945, the Duplessis government adopted the act to promote RURAL ELECTRIFICATION by means of
electricity cooperatives. By bringing electricity to the rural areas of Quebec, it allowed the farms to
increase production and electricity on the farms meant less work for the farmers and their families.
The ‘new’ iron ore mining area during the Duplessie’s era
Mining resources, such as Iron Ore was in high demand by the American companies.
Between 1945 and 1960, the Côte-Nord region of Quebec developed significantly. New
towns such as Schefferville and Gagnon were created.
Asbestos Strikes:
Unions and Duplessis often came into conflict, and tension flared during strikes. In 1949,
5000 miners in Thetford Mines and Asbestos went on strike. Duplessis supported the
employers and declared the strike illegal.
Immigration to Western Canada in the early 20th century
In the early 20th century, 1/3 of immigrants in Canada were from the United Kingdom, 1/3 was from the
USA and 1/3 was from European countries
The large influx of immigrants to Western Canada led to the creation of two new provinces (Alberta
and Saskatchewan) in 1905. Demographically, between 1900 and 1915, 3 million immigrants came to
settle in Canada, and most settled in the Prairie Provinces.
Immigration as a Response to Declining Population (1960s):
During the 1960s, there was a major decline in Quebec’s birth rate. As a result, the federal
government gradually changed its immigration policies. During the 1960s, most
immigrants who came to Canada came from Italy, Greece, Portugal, etc. However,
Canada started to accept some immigrants from India, Pakistan and other developing
countries in the world.
The increase in cultural diversity:
During the 1960s and 1970s, with new immigrants arriving from many different regions of the world,
Quebec’s population, especially on the island of Montreal became increasingly diverse (multicultural).
In 1967, Canada signed an agreement accepting/welcoming Refugees, in which Canada grants them
permanent asylum (protection) to refugees and not force them to return to their countries of origin.
what happened in June of 1960
Quebecers elected Jean Lesage from the Liberal Party and he stayed in power until 1966.
During this period, Quebec began a large-scale modernization process.
Increased government spending and involvement in economy
The government became more INTERVENTIONIST. This meant that the state’s responsibility was to
provide essential services to all citizens. By doing this, Quebec became a Welfare State (a state that
intervenes socially and economically with the goal of improving the wellbeing of the entire population).
Crown Corporations:
The Lesage government wanted the state to become the driving force of economic development. They
did this by creating Crown Corporations. The crown corporations were organizations created by the
state to manage, sell or exploit certain resources or provide services. By creating crown corporations,
it allowed the government to manage the exploitation of natural resources and keep the profits within
the province.
Education and Health Care transferred to the State:
Lesage wanted to correct the poor education system of Quebec by implementing dramatic changes. In
1964, the Ministry/Department of Education was created. This Ministry of Education became
responsible for all aspects of education within Quebec (designing curriculum, proper teacher training
programs).
what did the “parent commission” of 1961 recommend
- The creation of a high-quality public education system that would be accessible to all people of
Quebec regardless of their social class. - The creation of a Co-Ed education to promote girls’ education.
who set up the “parent commission” and who was it led by
set up by the Lesage government
led by Monseigneur Alphonse-Marie
Parent.
what act was passed in 1962
the hospital act
what is the hospital act
This law states that public and private
hospitals had to hold a government permit in order to provide services. Also, hospitals had to be
administered by a board of doctors instead of members of religious orders
what was “Neo-nationalism”.
Many Quebec Francophones shared a strong sense of belonging to the province and began calling
themselves “Québécois” rather than “French Canadians”.
what political position did neo-nationalism take
some Québécois
believed that Quebec should separate from Canada, obtain its sovereignty and form its own country.
what did Rene Lévesque do in 1967 and 1968
1967 - René Lévesque left the Liberal party
1968 - he created the Parti Québécois.
what factors led to a major decline in Québec’s birth rate during the 1960s
- more women working
- use of the birth control pill
- was less importance placed on large families
The Development of Urban Agglomerations in the 1960s
many Quebecers were leaving the big cities (Montreal and Quebec City) to settle in the suburbs
(Côte St. Luc, St. Leonard, Laval, etc).
what year was the St-Lawrence seaway opened
1959
what did the recession and unemployment of the 1980s contribute to
widening the gap between the rich and the poor
what is NAFTA
In 1992, Mexico joined Canada and the USA, and a new agreement took shape: The North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect in 1994. NAFTA
eliminated custom duties on most of the products traded between Canada, the USA and
Mexico.
what is Quebec Inc.
It created thousands of jobs and diversified the
economy. Many Quebec businesses merged in order to maintain their competitiveness on
the global scale.
what are some examples of businesses created due to Quebec inc.
of Bombardier-Canadair, SNC-Lavalin and
Provigo-Loblaws.
what did the recession of the 1980s lead to
the closure of mines or industries that
were the only economic engine of the town.
what were the results for the referendum on Sovereignty Association on May 20, 1980
The results were Yes side à 40%
and No side à 60%.
what were the results for the referendum of 1995
The 1995
referendum campaign ended with the victory of the NO side, with 50.58% of the vote, against 49.42%
for the YES side.
what the main provisions for bill 101
- Required the children of immigrants to attend a Francophone school until the end of high school.
- Impose French on commercial and public signs.
what did PM Trudeau decide in 1981
PM Trudeau decided to amend/change the Canadian Constitution (BNA Act of 1867).
what event is known as “the night of long knives”
In November 1981, a final conference was held dealing with the patriation of the Constitution.
At this conference, PM Trudeau was able to convince nine provinces to sign the constitutional agreement. René
Lévesque (Premier of Quebec) was excluded from these final discussions.
what did the British parliament do regarding the patriation of the Constitution
they approved it without Quebec’s agreement
what happened on April 17, 1982
The
Constitutional Act of 1982, signed in Ottawa with the presence of Queen Elizabeth II,
what did the constitutional act of 1982 establish
the charter of rights and freedom
what did the charter of rights and freedom recognize
the rights and freedoms of all citizens of Canada. It takes precedence over all other federal
and provincial laws, and it is the responsibility of the courts to decide how it is interpreted and applied.
what year was prime minister Brian Mulroney elected
1984
what year did Robert Bourassa become prime minister again
1985
what conference was held in 1987
the Meech Lake conference
what happened to the Meech Lake accord
both Manitoba and
Newfoundland’s parliaments did not approve the Meech Lake Accord by the June 23, 1990 deadline. As
a result, the Meech Lake Accord failed.
what were subsidized daycares
child care services that the government would pay a part of it and the parents would pay the rest which was 7$ a day.
why does the government feel the need to raise the retirement age for future generations
since 2011, the working age
population (those between 15 and 64 years of age) has been dropping. Many Baby Boomers are
reaching their retirement age and with the drop in the birth rate, there are fewer and fewer workers to
replace the baby boomers in the labor force.
what was the crisis of the summer of 1990
the Oka crisis
give a brief rundown of the Oka crisis
- a dispute over land sparked a conflict in Oka between the Mohawk and the federal/provincial government
-the Mohawks opposed the expansion of a golf course and a residential construction project
-it got worse when an officer intervened and got killed
-the tensions between the
Indigenous and non-Indigenous people grew.
what agreement was signed in 2002
Paix des Braves
what is the paix des braves
This agreement
concerned the exploitation of hydroelectricity in the James Bay region. It allowed Hydro-Quebec to
build hydroelectric plant and in return, the Cree nation would be compensated for the use of their land
and resources, which would total $4.5 billion over 50 years.
who signed the paix des braves agreement
the Quebec government and James Bay Cree
what year was The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) created
2008
what was The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC)
it was put in place to inform all Canadians what approximately 150,000 Indigenous children endured in residential schools
what are residential schools
A government-supported boarding school for children from Inuit and other indigenous communities.
what are Ancestral rights
the lands, territories and resources of indigenous peoples.
what is Self-determination
The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and
government.
what is a treaty
A formally agreement between the Canadian or Quebec government and the Indigenous people.
