History paper 1 section B part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what was the main reason for the schlieffen plan
A
to avoid a war on two fronts
2
Q
what would the schlieffen plan violate
A
belgian neutrality
3
Q
who was commited to protect britain since when and why
A
since 1839 britain in the treaty of london had committed to protect belgium for their neutrality so protect themselves
4
Q
when had the schlieffen plan been drawn up n by who
A
1905 by count alfred von schlieffen
5
Q
what did the plan prevent germany doing to its army
A
splitting it in two
6
Q
what did the plan depend upon
A
time
7
Q
what was the plan
A
defeat france in 5-6 weeks then in the 8 weeks it thought it would take russia to mobilise then go and defeat russia
8
Q
when did the plan go into action SPlan
A
August 1914
9
Q
what was the first part of the plan
A
invading belgium on aug 4th
10
Q
why did the schlieffen plan fail -belgium and what did it give france and britain
A
belgium army fought with more effect than expected and it slowed germany down and gave britain and france time to mobilise
11
Q
what else also slowed germany down - they were powerful and what did they use
A
the arrival of the BEF they were the professional army that used the Lee Enfield rifles so well germany thought they had 28 machine guns per battalion in reality they had 2
12
Q
who led the BEF
A
sir john french
13
Q
what also made the plan fail - russia
A
russia mobilised much faster than expected
14
Q
who was the german commander and what did he do to deal with a fast mobilised russia
A
Von Moltke sent 100,000 troops east to deal with russia
15
Q
what was the french plan called
A
plan seventeen
16
Q
where did the french cut off the german forces
A
the river Marne
17
Q
what was the change to the SP - paris
A
instead of encircling paris germany did a hammer blow attack on the city
18
Q
where were tiring german forces driven back to by british and french forces
A
the river Aisne
19
Q
what did the germans do at the river Aisne
A
dug trenches
20
Q
what had germany failed to do
A
capture paris
21
Q
after the marne where did the forces go
A
northwards
22
Q
where did the british halt germany
A
Ypres
23
Q
where did britain retain access to
A
channel ports
24
Q
why was it important that britain retaines the channel ports
A
to help bring supplies and troops to france in the war
25
what now set in and what did both sides dig
stalemate set in and trenches were dug
26
what had come to an end by the end of 1914
a war of movement
27
what did both sides prepare for
a spring offensive in 1915
28
where was the key battle zone for WW1
the western front
29
where did this western front line of trenches stretch from
channel coast in belgium area to swiss border
30
what was it now a war of and what did this sort of war mean
it was a war of attrition little movement and the aim was to wear down the enemy
31
how exactly step by step did the attacks take place think of the people and weapons
1- an artillery barrage - used guns from behind the lines for hours in a hope of ruining opposition trench and barbed wire
2- infantry went over the top into no mans land and attack with rifles and bayonets
3- infantry over power remaining soldiers and take trench
32
why didnt this method of attack work
1- artillery did not work trenches were too well dug
2- the infantry was an easy target in no mans land crossfire was often used
33
what percentage of wounds did shells and trench mortar cause the british soldiers
58%
34
what percentage of injury did rifles and machine guns cause british troops
39%
35
what two battles were tanks used at and were they effective
Flers and the somme
not effective too slow
36
why was there no change in tatics
because generals believed there was no other way of fighting
37
the generals were criticised for the tatics but how did the soldiers feel
the soldiers were very bitter as they could see it wasnt working and there was a huge casualty number
38
what did the generals do to make attacks more effective
new weapons and equipment were used eg tanks gas masks helmets
39
did the generals send untrained men into the somme and evidence
no they didnt there were practice trenches on sailsbury plain
40
how deep were the trenches
2 meters deep
41
what was uses to support the trench and what was put ag the front
sandbags were put at the sides and a parapet was put at the front
42
what did the parapet do to the depth of the trenches
increased the depth to 3 meters
43
what was the bottom of the trenches lined with
duckboards
44
what was there often dug in the trenches to provide a small room or shelter
a dugout
45
trenches were not built in straight lines but what
zig zagges
46
what did the zig zagg motion of trenches prevent
enemies shooting easily down the length of the trench if part of it was captured
47
what was in front of the trenches past the barbed wire
no mans land
48
what was the most forward trench called
the front line
49
what was behind the front line -2things
support trenches and the reserve line
50
what were the trenches linked by
communication trenches
51
what were the trenches that ran into no mans land called and what was their purpose
Saps ran into no mans land and were listening posts and their purpose was to listen to enemy to see if they were digging under to plant bombs
52
what was the accommodation like in trenches british
holes dug into the side of the trenches
53
what were the british trenches intended to be
temporary
54
what was some of the routine work done
digging
repairing trenches
carrying food and ammunition
retrieving the wounded from no mans land
55
what were sappers usually- what sort of men
miners and engineers
56
what would sappers do
dig tunnels below no mans land and plant explosives below the enemy trenches
57
what was there a lack of in trenches
sanitation
58
what was one of the main illnesses caused by wet conditions
trench foot
59
what was the food like and what did they eat
food rations were basic and they ate bully beef and drank lots of tea
60
what did rats feed off
flesh of corpses and scraps of food
61
what two diseases were common
gangrène and trench fever
62
what was there a risk of that was caused by the continued noise of heavy guns
shell shock
63
what was moral like
moral was very very low
64
what had set in after the somme in 1916
disillusionment
65
what had response been like and moral of the british at the start of the war
enthusiastic response to sign up to be a hero and to fight for your country
66
how many soldiers were shot over cowardice - british
over 300
67
how did artillery become more effective
government controlled industry and it enabled effecient amounts of guns/ shells to be produced
68
how did machine guns improve
by 1918 portable sub machine guns were carried and were effective
69
what were tanks like initially
they were ineffective and slow
70
when were tanks first used effectively
Cambrai in november 1917
71
what sort of fights developed between planes
dog fights
72
what were planes fitted with in 1915 - sync
machine guns synchronised with the propeller so they didnt shoot themselves down
73
what were planes able to do later on in the war
drop bombs
74
what were planes most valuable for
observing and attacking
75
what were the three gasses
chlorine
phosgene
mustard
76
who first used gas
the germans - at loos in 1915
77
what was produced to counteract gas
gas masks
78
what did chlorine gas go
irritated lungs
79
what did mustard gas do
caused temporary blindness burned and blustered the skin destroyed lungs killed men over days and weeks
80
what gas was used by the germans
phosgene
81
what battle was the german offensive and when was it
verdun february to september 1916
82
what was the battle at verdun supposed to do
break through at verdun and open the way to paris
83
at verdun the germans were attempting to wear the french down what did they also call this
bleed the french white
84
who was the german commander at verdun who established war of attrition concept
Falkenhayn
85
what was the british offensive
the somme
86
why did britain start it’s offensive early
france pressurised britain into starting it early to divert from verdun
87
what part of the army did britain use at the somme and when were they recruited
the kitcheners army recruited at the beginning if the war
88
why was the five day bombardment at the somme in effective
the planes had seen the movement of machines and artillery and had moved from their front line and dug trenches further back and 12 meters deep
89
when did the somme offensive begin and how many devisions were involved
1st of july and 13 devisions
90
what was expected of german positons before the 13 devisions went over the top at the somme
they would have been destroyed
91
how many british were dead on the first day of the somme
20,000
92
how many british were injured on the first day of the somme
40,000
93
how many british and french casualties were there at the end of the somme
650 000
94
how many german casualties were there at the end of the somme
450 000
95
how far did they move forward at the furthest point at the end of the somme
9 miles
96
passchendaele was the what of what
passchendaele was the third battle of ypres
97
what was passchendaele an attempt to
a british attempt to capture the southern and eastern ridges and break the ypres salient
98
when did passchendaele begin and how n where
july 1917 when the british exploded 19 mines at once at messines
99
what was the infantry attack at passchendaele made more difficult by
the worst rain in 30 years
100
what were the ground conditions like at passchendaele for the soldiers and horses
the mud was so deep from the rain men and horses drowned in it
101
whos side was the ottoman empire on
the central powers
102
where did gallipoli provide access to
gallipoli provided access to the black sea from the mediterranean
103
who pressed the idea of the attack in gallipoli
Winston churchill- first lord of the admiralty
David lloyd george -prime minister
104
whos part in the gallipoli campaign was played down and why
David lloyd georges was played down as the campaign failed
105
what was the plan for gallipoli And to open what
to make a break through to enable help to get to russia on the eastern front and open up a second front against the central powers forcing german troops away from the western front
106
what are the ANZAC
australian and new zealand troops
107
how did the gallipoli campaign go what happened
it failed the turks with german reinforcements
