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Ambers Physics 1 > History Of Ultrasound > Flashcards

History Of Ultrasound Flashcards

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1
Q

Frequency of Infrasound

A

Below 20 hertz

Below audible sound range

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2
Q

Frequency of Audible sound

A

20-20 000 hertz

We can hear

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3
Q

Frequency of Ultrasound

A

Above 20 000 hertz

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4
Q

Frequency of Diagnostic Medical uses

A

1-30 Megahertz

1 Mega = 1 Million

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5
Q

Frequency of Therapeutic uses

A

1-3 Megahertz

1 Mega = 1Million

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6
Q

Which is more Intense:
Diagnostic Medical uses (1-30 Megahertz)
Therapeutic uses (1-3 Megahertz)

A

Therapeutic is more intense

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7
Q

What year did an Italian priest/scientist find that a blinded bag could function, but a deaf one could not?

A

1793

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8
Q

What and When did the Currie Brothers discover?

A

In 1880 they discovered the piezoelectric effect

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9
Q

What is the piezoelectric effect

A

Apply pressure waves to quartz crystal caused electrical pulses (voltage)

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10
Q

What is the reverse piezoelectric effect?

A

Apply voltage (electrical pulses) to a quartz crystal and it produces pressure waves.

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11
Q

What are a couple ways in which ultrasound can be used besides medical uses?

A

The military

  • 1906 used sonar to detect icebergs
  • 1916 used to detect submarines

Metal flaw detectors
-1928 these were used to check integrity of metal for ships/aircrafts

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12
Q

Who was Karl Dussik?

A
  • A neurologist/psychiatrist who used ultrasound for medical purposes (1942) in Vienna
  • A-mode scanning to see brain tumor
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13
Q

Who was George Ludwig

A

Used A-mode scanning to diagnose gallstones.

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14
Q

Who was Hertz and Edler

A
  • 1954 they used A-mode to show heart motion

- lead to development of M-mode ultrasound

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15
Q

Who was Ian Donald?

A
  • “Father of Obstetrical ultrasound”
  • used ultrasound to identify gestational sac
  • developed biparietal diameter measurement (BPD)
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16
Q

What and When did Ian Donald and Tom Brown develop?

A

In 1957 they developed the first compound scanner (gave an image)

17
Q

What is Real Time scanning (dynamic scanning) and when was it introduced?

A
  • 1973
  • when a single frame or image is created several times per second to give the appearance of movement (B-mode)
  • probe is constantly firing/listening
18
Q

A-mode

A

-Amplitude
-most basic form
-amplitude over time graph
(Distance between transducer and structure determines where an echo is seen on time axis; spike is produced based on amplitude of echo)
-each spike is a reflector

19
Q

B-mode

A
  • brightness (white is stronger : black is not there)
  • display intensity (amplitude) of echo by varying brightness of dots
  • each dot is separate echo intensity and location
  • compounding dogs make a 2D image
20
Q

Bi-stable

A
  • is a B-mode image
  • ONLY black and white
  • NO soft tissue differentiation
  • use cathode ray tube for display
21
Q

Gray Scale

A
  • is B-mode
  • has many shades of grey
  • uses scan converter NOT cathode ray tube
22
Q

M-mode

A
  • motion modulation

- series of B-mode dots displayed on motion over time graph, the structures motion can be seen

23
Q

Doppler

A

Means of displaying the motion of red blood cells by detecting a perceived change in the frequency of the emitted sound
(Goes out/comes in at different frequencies)

24
Q

When did “static scanning” come to term?

A

Only after real time scanning was introduced

25
Q

What means the same as static scan?

A

Static Scan
B-scan
Articulated arm scan

26
Q

What is contacts scanning?

A

Is when the transducer actually touches the patient. Describes transition from having patients placed in water bath

27
Q

What is Compound (static) mode?

A

Use B-mode to place numerous “lines” of dots together to form an image

28
Q

What does therapeutic ultrasound do to the body?

A

It heats up muscle tissue, increases blood flow, overall speeding up the healing process

29
Q

A compound scanner is the same as what?

A

Static scan

Articulated arm scan

30
Q

Simply describe A-mode

A

Amplitude mode

Strength of returning echos are shown as vertical spikes along time axis

31
Q

Simply describe B-mode (real time, compound)

A

Brightness mode

Strength of returning echos are shown as shades of grey (black is NO amplitude)

32
Q

Simply describe M-mode

A

Motion mode

Where movement of structures is represented over time

33
Q

Compare bi-stable and gray scale imaging

A

Bi-stable : displays back and white, lots of contrast, little tissue differentiation

Gray scale : up to 256 shades and uses scan converter

34
Q

What is difference between static scanning and real time scanning

A

Static : articulated arm, only capable of one picture at a time

Real-Time : free hand, appears as live motion

Ambers Physics 1 (7 decks)

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