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Week #1 > History of the Polygraph > Flashcards

History of the Polygraph Flashcards

1
Q

How do dishonest people reveal their deceit?

A

By their actions; both verbal and non-verbal.

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2
Q

What is Erasistratus famous for (304-250 BC)?

A

Discovered puls of the king’s son rise when the king’s new wife was around.

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3
Q

What are three main points that describe the “Method of the Ordeal (1500 AD)?

A
  1. Truth could only be determined by a higher power.
  2. Truth was verified by survival and quickness of healing.
  3. Dying without a confession proved innocence.
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4
Q

What is “Trial by Combat Ordeal?”

A

God’s will shall determine who is innocent; David vs. Goliath.

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5
Q

Trial by Torture Ordeal

A

God will not let an innocent man confess (Spanish Inquisition).

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6
Q

Red Hot Iron Ordeal

A

Bengal Tribes of India placed hot iron on tongue 9 times. Liars would have a dry tongue and would be burned.

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7
Q

The Ordeal of the Balance

A

India 600 BC- Person weighed, interrogated and then weighed again. Increase in weight means your lies are weighing you down.

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8
Q

Boiling Water Ordeal

A

Africa- hand placed inboiling water. Burns = Lies.

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9
Q

Red Water Ordeal

A

Africa- Fed rice than drank 1 gallon red water. Throwing up = innocence.

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10
Q

Donkey in Tent

A

Middle East- Allah would silence the donkey. Tail coated in black pitch.

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11
Q

Ordeal of rice chewing

A

India- Guilty can’t swallow rice due to dry mouth.

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12
Q

The Ordeal of Barley Bread

A

Europe 1150 AD- Reserved for clergy

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13
Q

What is Boccacio known for?

A

Wrote about Erasistratus.

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14
Q

When did Boccacio live?

A

1313 to 1375 AD.

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15
Q

What is Galileo known for?

A

Invented the Pulsilogium.

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16
Q

Who invented the “Pulsilogium” and in what year?

A

Galileo, 1581 AD.

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17
Q

What is Lancisi known for?

A

He was a cardiologist that discovered mental state causes effects to te heart.

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18
Q

In what year was the association between emotions and heart rate rate discovered? By whom?

A

1728; Lancisi

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19
Q

What is Daneil Defoe known for (1730)?

A

Discovered that guilt always carries fear with it. Pulse was effective way of catching a criminal.

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20
Q

What is Stephen Hales known for?

A

First to measure blood pressure and pioneer of the sphygmomanometer (killed horses during experiments).

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21
Q

What is Luigi Galvani known for?

A

GSR- Galvonic Skin Reflex. Electriciy and frogs.

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22
Q

In what year did Luigi Galvani make the discovery of GSR? What is GSR.

A
  1. The Galvonic Skin Reflex (resistance to electrical current).
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23
Q

Besides GSR, what else is Galvani credited with?

A

Established the basis of Neurology and Nuerophsyiology.

24
Q

What is Dr Charles Cady known for?

A

Chloroform caused confederate soldiers to give up info.

25
Q

What year and during what event did Dr Charles Cady make his discovery?

A

1862, Civil War.

26
Q

what is Sir Francis Dalton known for (1879)?

A

Developed a Word Association Psychological Test; gulity would have suffer inner conflict and give physical and verbal clues of guilt.

First to use IRRELEVANT words.

27
Q

What is Ceasre Lombroso known for (1895)?

A

First person to use instrument to determine deception.
First person to experiment on real criminal.
Thought physical attributes would should criminality.

Authored a book on the Spygmograph and the Plethysmogrgraoph.

Invented Hydrospygmograph: Water filled drum that record pulse and blood volume which recorded onto a smoked drum.

28
Q

What is Angelo Mosso known for (1895)?

A

Studied lady with a hole in her skull- saw that rush of blood was induced by fear.

Experiments centered on fear’s affect on heart and respiration.

Developed Sphygmomanometer and scientific cradle (balanced table that relied on a rush of blood to the head).

29
Q

What is A. Sticker known for (1897)?

A

Associated GSR with lie detection.

30
Q

What is Max Wertheimer known for (1904)?

A

Used word association together with a physiological recording device.

31
Q

What is S. Veraguth known for (1907)?

A

Used word association with a galvometer.

Coined the term Psychogalvanic Reflex (later changed to EDR)

32
Q

What is Dr. Hugo Munsterberg known for (1908)?

A

Studied reaction of innocents (nervousness).

33
Q

What is Vittorio Benussi known for (1914)?

A

Studied Inhalation / Exhalation Ratios.

Used Pnuemograph.

34
Q

What is Dr William Marston known for (1917)?

A

Discontinuous bood technique.

Lost case in Frye vs. US where he was the “Lie Detector” examiner (not polygraph).

Developed an R/I test and Gulity Knowledge test.

Wonder woman

35
Q

What is Harold Burtt known for (1918)?

A

Harvard Professor who validated Benussi’s I/E ratio, but preffered blood pressure.

Validated Marston’s tests.

36
Q

What is Dr. Ludwig Binswanger known for (1919)?

A

Outside Issues- Response may not be to specific crime but to other similar crime.

37
Q

Dr John Larson (1921)?

A

Developed first Polygraph that measured cardio and pnuemo.

Student of Marston.

38
Q

Leonarde Keeler (1925)?

A

Father of Modern Day Polygraph

Developed Kymograph (constant speed paper)

Added GSR 1n 1938

Developed Peak of Tension (POT) and Searching POT tests

Started first polygraph school

39
Q

Father Walter G. Summers (1932)?

A

First to use Control Questions

Experimented with GSR

40
Q

Captain Clarence E. Lee, Berkely PD (1938)?

A

Developed Berkley Polygraph Instrument

Developed control test to measure subject’s response capability.

41
Q

Ray Birdwhistell (1952)?

A

Developed Kinesics (study of body movements, no universal tells)

42
Q

John E Reid (1953)

A

Developed countermeasure device.

Comparison question technique.

Reid Technique

43
Q

Cleve Backster (1961)

A

Zone Comparison Test

CIA Polygraph Program

Sacrifice Relevant Question

Time Bars

Standardized Quantification System- others could score chart

7 position scale: -3 thru 0 thru +3

Symptomatic Questions (absorb stress about outside issue).

Phsycological set- Fear of relevant questions that hold the biggest threat if detected.

Spot Analysis- Can’t compare questions out of sequence.

Outside Super Dampening (no response to relevant/irrelevant)

Anti-Climax Dampening - Focus on one question (may not respond to murder question but might respond to gun question if they think the gun might be discrovered).

44
Q

Yes-No Technique (1965)

A

Answer all questions in both yes and no.

Used by Morton Sinks.

45
Q

Richard O. Arther (1966)?

A

Used Clinical Approach- Analyzed body movement, voice etc, instead of trusting only his charts.

Developed Arther II, which placed stimulus mark at the beggining and end of each question.

46
Q

Edward T. Hall (1966)

A

Introduced Proxamics- Intimate, Personal, Social and Public distances.

47
Q

Dr William Yankee (1968)

A

First to computerize the polygraph.

First director of DoDPI.

48
Q

Paul Ekman (1972)

A

Studied facial expressions which he used to detect deception.

49
Q

Voice Stress Analysis (1973)

A

1996 DoDPI stated not accurate

50
Q

Dr James Allen Matte (1974)

A

Quadrazone (4 relevant question test)

Tested the deaf

51
Q

David Raskin (1983-1987)

A

Directed Lie Technique

52
Q

DoDPI (1986)

A

Federal Govt Polygraph research and training.

53
Q

Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988)

A

No pre-employment poly in private sector.

Polygraphs allowed to resolve specific losses and injuries.

54
Q

Polyscore (1989)

A

First Automated Polygraph Scoring System

Developed at John Hopkins

55
Q

Frye v United States (1923)

A

Arrested for murder. Confesses than recants.

Week #1 (2 decks)

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