History of the Modern Middle East Flashcards
Ummah
The universal Islamic community
Tanzimat
Reforms taken between 1839-1876 in the Ottoman Empire
A’ayan
The Provincial notables
The young Turks
The ruling force in the ottoman empire b/w 1909/1918
Benedict Anderson
understand the ‘anomaly’ of nationalism
Muhammad Ali Pasha
An albanian.
The 3 major groups of the Ottoman ruling elite
?
The non-muslim inhabitants of the ottoman empire
Organized under the Millet system. Considered subjects of the ottoman state Considered Dhimmis, protected subjects of the OE
Nizam-i-cedid: New order is
Reform program of Sultan selim 3 and his new army
Muhamad Ali’s new western style army
Ulama
Members of the Islamic religious etablishment
Judges teachers, religious scholars, administrators of the religious hierarchy
Orientalism
Book Edward Said 1978 the way the Occident studies, understands, objectifies the orient.
The WEST is Rational, modern advanced entity as opposed to the EAST, sentimental, romantic, traditional, feminine entity
The mandate powers granted the national movements full independence right after the war (1918)
NO, defined as not yet able to stand for themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world NO, the “advanced nations” (mandatory powers) considered this region as having a strategic and financial significance and therefore did not want to leave
According to benny morris “Righteous victims” are
Trying
Albert Hourani in his book is
Trying to describe the changing balance of power in the 18th century. Describing the rise of the notables
The two decrees of the tanzimat period were remarkable since
equality for all subjects
designed by the new reformers Europeanized Ottoman bureaucrats
One of the dvpt of the post Tanzimat period was the growing tension b/w Muslims and Christians. That was the result of
Granting equality to all subjects of the Empire Reforms forced upon the Ottomans subjects from above Reforms backed by European powers
Agreements and understandings achieved during the war had various consequences
The Hussein-MacMahon and Sykes-Picot contradicted each other, and created different set of obligations among Britain and France. Balfour declaration created great discontent among the arabs in Palestine, who viewed it as a pro-jewish and anti-arab what created a future conflict b/w the Zionist movement and Arab national movement.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is considered to be the founder of modern Turkey since he saved T from defeat of WW1. How did he manage to do so ?
change the conditions and humiliating dividing agreements signed after the war military actions to rebel against the government in Istanbul political actions = etablishing the Grand National Assembly that adopted a constitution = right of full Turkish sovereignty over the territories of the empire inhabited by a Turkish majority
What were the political conditions of the Ottoman Empire after the war ?
The Sultan dismissed the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul and decided to cooperate with the allied powers that were determined to punish the Ottomans as a defeated power. The ottoman army was dismantled of its weapons according to the Treaty of Modrus. Military rule was declared by the allied forces (Britain & France) and Greece established Greek presence in Izmir in 1919
The Ottoman Empire was no different than any other Islamic State
Yes, because All past ISL STATE recongnized the diversity of territories and populations and adopted flexible administrative practices that could accommodate the needs of different regions and different cultures YES, because all past ISL State had a special blend of traditions: the Gaza, the urban Islamic traditions, the local custom, the byzantine tradition
The explanation by which the Ottoman empire entered into a period of a decline following the reign of Suleiman (16THCENTURY) is still accepted among scholars
no longer accepted because scholars have noticed that the loss of Ottoman superiority lays in external as well as internal causes. No, scholars have shown that the Ottomans from the 17 to the 20 centuries went trough a lot of changes.
Ayan
Provincial notables
Bab i Ali Sublime porte
The main building housing the ottoman government. The collective name for the ottoman government and authority.
Capitulations
Commercial treaties b/w the OE and European states which granted European citizens favorable tariffs and extraterritorial privileges
Devshirme
The Ottoman levy of Christian youths to be trained for service in the administration or the military.
Firman
Sultanic edict
Ghazy
A Muslim frontier warrior fighting against non-Muslims to extend the territories of Islam.
Grand vizier
The highest-ranking administrative official in the Ottoman Empire.
Itizam system
Tax farming. The system of Iltizam was used in the Ottoman Empire in different periods. According to this tax farming system, the lands were assigned to tax farmers, who were responsible for cultivating the land and collecting taxes from the people living in it. A certain proportion of the tax money was paid back to the state, and the rest of the money was his revenue.
Ijtihad
Self interpretation of Islam. One of the ideas of reform in Islamic thought presented by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad ‘Abduh.
Janisseries
The Ottoman infantry corps recruited through the Devshirme.
Mamluks
Slave soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs (rulers). Over time and in various places they gained independent power and became a threat to the ruler. Such was the case in Egypt in the late 18th century until the beginning of Muhammad Ali’s reign.
Mecelle
a corpus of civil law.
Millet
A recognized non-Muslim religious community in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans administered their non-Muslim subjects through the millets and allowed them a large measure of internal autonomy in religious and legal affairs.
Miri
State-owned land.
Mufti
An expert in Islamic law qualified to give authoritative legal opinions. Musftis were members of the ulama.
Qadi
A judge in a court administering religious law.
Shari’a
Literally “path” or “way”. The codified, divinely ordained law of Islam that governs all aspects of Muslim behavior.
Sultan
The Ottoman ruler, sovereign, who also carried the spiritual authority of Chaliph.
Sunnah
Custom; The practice of the prophet and the early Islamic community that became an exemplary precedent for all Muslims.
Timar
The land and tax revenues that the Ottoman state granted to a Sipahi in return to his military service.
Ulama
Literally, “those learned in the ways of Islam”. The collective term for the members of the Islamic religious establishment, including judges, teachers, religious scholars, and administrators of the religious hierarchy.
vali
Governor of a province.
waaf
Property of other revenue-yielding source endowed for a religious institution or charity. During the late Ottoman period, waqf endowments by private families became widespread as well. The income from waqf was exempt from taxation.
