History of the Middle East Flashcards
History of the Middle East
For hundreds of years, the _______ ______ was the dominant player in Southeast Asia (Middle East). At one time, its territory was ___ times the size of Texas and covered what is now ______ and parts of three continents, ______, ____, and ______.
Ottoman Empire
Turkey
Europe
Asia
Africa
Before World War l, the Ottoman Empire had lost much of its territory in ________.
disputes
After helping win World War l, Great Brittain and France were given permission by The ______ of _______ to decide who would control the Ottoman territory.
League of Nations
The process of dividing up control of this territory was known ___________, and the _____ were not consulted!
partitioning
Arabs
____________ wound up with the most authority in the Middle East and had the greatest power to draw new ________ _______.
Great Britain, National Borders
The region known as Mesopotamia was partitioned into ____, _____, and _______.
Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon
The British split away a piece of Palestine and made the new nation of ______.
Jordan
After partitioning, the British were in charge in: ____, _________, ______, and part of ___________.
Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
The French were in charge of: _______, _____, and part of ______. Russia also had a small part of ______.
Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Turkey
Great Britain made sure friendly governments were maintained in the territories it controlled because Britain wanted to keep its ________ in the region and wanted to secure valuable ___ resources.
territory, oil
Two main flaws in the way Britain and France partitioned the Middle East were:
a. Setting borders period
b. borders were artificial
These flaws and problems set the stage for decades of ___________ by Middle Easterners toward the West.
hostility
Many _____________ and ________ conflicts were fought in the region, and fighting over claims for land led to long periods of _________ ________ in the region.
Middle Eastern, Civil War,
Some countries fell under years of ____________, as Iraq did with dictator ______ _______.
dictatorship, Saddam Hussein
____ and _____ Muslims have been and continue to be in conflict with each other, especially in Iraq, where the British merged them together.
Shia, Sunni
____ and ________ lie at the heart of these conflicts in the Middle East.
Land, religious
In ____, Palestine was partitioned into Jewish state of ______ and the Arab Muslim state of _________.
1948, Israel, Palestine
Palestinians denied the right of Israel to _____ as a ______.
exist, nation
Israel was attacked by neighboring Arab countries as soon as it was established. These countries were: _______, _____, ______, _____, and ____.
Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq
Palestinians and Israelis who both lived in in the are called the ____ _____ constantly fought.
Gaza Strip
Members of the Shiite Muslims group _________ frequently attacked Israel, despite peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan.
Hezbollah
Aggressive Iraq ______ have clashed with with _______ in neighboring ____.
Sunnis, Shiites, Shia
When Europeans partitioned the regions, the _____ didn’t get their own territory, which has left them vulnerable to extreme ___________.
Kurds, persecution
Before he was overthrown and executed, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein attempted to _________ his country’s _______ population
eliminate, Kurdish
In recent years, the _____ have been negatively affected by war in _____.
Kurds, Syria
____________ is extreme discrimination against the Jews.
Antisemitism
Christian Europeans in the 1800s and 1900s treated Jews as strange _________ and an ________ race.
outsiders, inferirior
Some countries refused to allow Jews to own ________ and restricted the number of Jews aloud to _____________.
property, attend college
In German yin the 1920s and 1930s, antisemitism increased as _____ ______ rose to power in the Nazi Party.
Adolf Hitler
He believed that Jews were to blame for Germany’s ________ ________ after World War l.
economic problems
The Nazis forced their anti-Semitic beliefs on the people of the areas they conquered, including ______ and _____.
France, Polen
Between ____ and ____, waves of Jewish immigrants poured into _________ to escape rising persecution in Europe.
1919, 1936, Palestine
_______ is the idea that the Jewish people should have a safe home in Palestine and its city of Jerusalem, where they have ancient religious ties, and that this home should be secured by public law
Zionism,
Because they were upset about the number of Jews moving into Palestine, Arabs began to complain and persuaded the British to stop __________ Zionism.
supported
One of the darkest chapters in world history is the _________, when the Nazis developed a plan to ___________ all Jews in Europe.
Holocaust, exterminate
The Holocaust was the Nazis’ “_____ ________” to what Hitler considered Europe’s “______ _______.”
final solution, Jewish problem
The Jews were were systematically executed by breathing ______ ___ or by ______ _____.
poison gas, firing squad
By the end of World War ll, more than _ _______ Jews had been killed, and nearly one in four of those was a _____!
6 million, child
Starting in the late _____, when America supported the created the creation of Israel, the U.S has tried to play a role in the ________ and __________ of the Middle East.
1940s, politics, stability
Today, the U.S. intrests in the Middle East center around two things:
a. A stable flow of oil
b. security from terrorism
In _____ Iraq invaded neighboring ______ because Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein wanted control of its _________ and better access to the Persian Gulf ________ ______.
1990s, Kuwait, oil fields, shipping routs
Instead of supporting Iraq’s invasion _____ ______ feared that Iraq would move on from Kuwait and invade _____ territory, so it asked the ____________ for help.
Saudi Arabia, Saudi, United States
Believing Iraq control of Middle Eastern oil would eventually _____ its supply, the U.S. government agreed to help by leading a group of nations to drive Iraq troops out of Kuwait.
limit
In _______, 199_, the U.S. led operation began, and it lasted only ___ weeks!
January 16, 1991 6
On their way out of Kuwait, Iraqi troupes _________ oil wells and hinted that they possessed _______________________.
set fire to, weapons of mass destruction.
The United Nations issued a _____ _______ against Iraq during the Persian Gulf War, and to end it, Iraq would have to _______ any chemical or ________ weapons and stop making any _______ weapons.
trade embargo, destroy, biological
Iraq allowed the UN inspection teams to enter their country to destroy ___s, but by 1998, some people believed that Saddam Hussein still had ______ ________ of weapons and production facilities. However, others believe that about __% of WMDs had been ________.
WMD, hidden reserves, 85, destroyed
An extreme Islamic group known as the _______ took power in Afghanistan in the late ____s.
Taliban, 1990
This group installed a very anti-________ government and protected the __-_____ and its leader, _____ ___ _____.
american, AL-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden
On September 11, 200_, terrorists attacked the ______________ and the U.S. pentagon, which the U.S. considered acts of ___!
1, World Trade
Centers, pentagon, war
__ _____ and its leader, Osama bin Laden, claimed responsibility for the attacks.
AL-Qaeda
To prevent another such attack, the US invaded _________ in November, 200_ 10 ____ the Taliban and to find ___ ________
Afghanistan, 1, 2011, bin Laden
The Taliban were _______ defeated, but rebuilt their forces in neighboring military posts in ___________, uing ___________________ and ______________ bombs.
Quickly, Pakistan, international, Afghanistan, sucide bombers, roadside
It took__ years for the US military to find bin Laden, who was shot and killed in _________ during a US military raid.
10, Pakistan
Believing the Iraq still possessed ___ following the exit of the UN inspectors from Iraq in ____ collation of several Nations led by the United States ______ Iraq.
Wmds, 2003, invaded,
The goal was to______ Hussein from _____ and to discover any remaining___
Remove, power, wmds
Hussein was _______, _____, and sentenced to _____ for various war crimes, but WMDs were ____________.
Captured, tried, death, not found
After Hussein’s capture the US and a coalition from the __ remained in Iraq to _________________________________
UN, help astablish a new government.
a _________ resistance movement which rose up and attacked American troops along with roadside bombings , ___________, civilian ___ and ____ and battles between ____________________ has made putting iraq back together difficult.
guerrilla, unemployment, deaths, inguries, shunni shite
in 2005, Iraqis took part in ____ _________ to establish a new ___________ government.
free, elections, democratic
The US government maintained _______ in Iraq until Iraq police and solders could keep the country ______ and ______.
troops, secure, stable
US forces left Iraq in ________, 20__.
December 2011
Divisions between _____ and ____ Muslims threatened to ______ the government again.
Sunni, shia, divide
