History Of The Author Flashcards
Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, into a royal family of the Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe in the South African village of Mvezo, where his father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (c. 1880-1928), served as chief. His mother, Nosekeni Fanny, was the third of Mphakanyiswa’s four wives, who together bore him nine daughters and four sons. After the death of his father in 1927, 9-year-old Mandela—then known by his birth name, Rolihlahla—was adopted by Jongintaba Dalindyebo, a high-ranking Thembu regent who began grooming his young ward for a role within the tribal leadership.
1
Early life
http://www.history.com/topics/nelson-mandela#
The first in his family to receive a formal education, Mandela completed his primary studies at a local missionary school. There, a teacher dubbed him Nelson as part of a common practice of giving African students English names. He went on to attend the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown, a Methodist secondary school, where he excelled in boxing and track as well as academics. In 1939 Mandela entered the elite University of Fort Hare, the only Western-style higher learning institute for South African blacks at the time. The following year, he and several other students, including his friend and future business partner Oliver Tambo (1917-1993), were sent home for participating in a boycott against university policies.
2
Education
http://www.history.com/topics/nelson-mandela#
Escapes an arranged marriage; becomes a mine security officer; starts articles at the law firm Witkin, Sidelsky & Eidelman
1942
Completes BA through the University of South Africa (UNISA)
1942
Begins to attend African National Congress (ANC) meetings informally
1943
Graduates with BA from Fort Hare; Enrols for an LLB at Wits University
1944
Co-founds the ANC Youth League (ANCYL); marries Evelyn Ntoko Mase – they have four children: Thembekile (1945); Makaziwe (1947 – who dies after nine months); Makgatho (1950); Makaziwe (1954)
1948
Elected national secretary of the ANCYL
1951
Elected President of the ANCYL
1952
Defiance Campaign begins; Arrested and charged for violating the Suppression of Communism Act; Elected Transvaal ANC President; Convicted with J.S Moroka, Walter Sisulu and 17 others under the Suppression of Communism Act; Sentenced to nine months imprisonment with hard labour, suspended for two years; Elected first of ANC deputy presidents; Opens South Africa’s first black law firm with Oliver Tambo
1956
Arrested and later joins 155 others on trial for teason. All are acquitted by 29 March 1961
1960 21 March
Sharpeville Massacre
30 March
A State of Emergency is imposed and he is among thousands detained
8 April
The ANC is banned
1961
Goes underground; Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) is formed
1962 11 January
Leaves the country for military training and to garner support for the ANC
23 July
Returns to South Africa
5 August
Arrested near Howick in KwaZulu-Natal
7 November
Sentenced to five years in prison for incitement and leaving the country without a passport
1963 27 May
Sent to Robben Island
12 June
Returned to Pretoria Local Prison
9 October
Appears in court for the first time in what becomes known as the Rivonia Trial, with Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Kathrada, Lionel ‘Rusty’ Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi and Andrew Mlangeni
3 December
Pleads not guilty to sabotage in the Rivonia Trial
Pleads not guilty to sabotage in the Rivonia Trial
1964 4 June
James Kantor discharged and released
12 June All except Rusty Bernstein are convicted and sentenced to life
13 June
Arrives on Robben Island
1969 13 July
Thembekile is killed in a car accident
1982 31 March
Mandela, Sisulu, Raymond Mhlaba and Andrew Mlangeni and later Ahmed Kathrada are sent to Pollsmoor Prison
1985 10 February
Rejects, through his daughter, Zindzi, South African President PW Botha’s offer to release him if he renounces violence
1985 3 November
Admitted to the Volks Hospital for prostate surgery
23 November
Discharged from Volks Hospital and returned to Pollsmoor Prison
1988 12 August
Admitted to Tygerberg Hospital where he is diagnosed with tuberculosis
31 August
Admitted to Constantiaberg MediClinic
7 December
Moved to Victor Verster Prison in Paarl where he is held for 14 months in a cottage
1990 2 February
ANC is unbanned
11 February
Released
2 March
Elected ANC Deputy President
1993 10 December
Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with President FW de Klerk
1994 27 April
Votes for the first time in his life
9 May
Elected by Parliament as first president of a democratic South Africa
10 May
Inaugurated as President of the Republic of South Africa
14 December
Launches his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom
1995
Establishes the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund
Timeline
To condense all of Mr Nelson Mandela’s achievements into one chronology would be impossible; as a result, we do not claim that our work here is comprehensive. Below you will find a chronology of important events in his life. It is a work in progress and we are happy to receive your comments or additions.
Year Date Event
1918 July 18
Born Rolihlahla Mandela at Mvezo in the Transkei
1925
Attends primary school near Qunu (receives the name ‘Nelson’ from a teacher)
1930
Father dies.Entrusted to Thembu Regent Jongintaba Dalindyebo at the age of 12
While his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom places Mandela’s father’s death in 1927, historical evidence shows it must have been later, most likely 1930. In fact, the original Long Walk to Freedom manuscript (written on Robben Island) states the year as 1930.
1934
Undergoes initiation; Attends Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo
1937
Attends Healdtown, the Wesleyan College at Fort Beaufort
1939
Enrols at the University College of Fort Hare, in Alice
1940
Expelled
1941
Escapes an arranged marriage; becomes a mine security officer; starts articles at the law firm Witkin, Sidelsky & Eidelman
1942
Completes BA through the University of South Africa (UNISA)
1942
Begins to attend African National Congress (ANC) meetings informally
1943
Graduates with BA from Fort Hare; Enrols for an LLB at Wits University
1944
Co-founds the ANC Youth League (ANCYL); marries Evelyn Ntoko Mase – they have four children: Thembekile (1945); Makaziwe (1947 – who dies after nine months); Makgatho (1950); Makaziwe (1954)
1948
Elected national secretary of the ANCYL
1951
Elected President of the ANCYL
1952
Defiance Campaign begins; Arrested and charged for violating the Suppression of Communism Act; Elected Transvaal ANC President; Convicted with J.S Moroka, Walter Sisulu and 17 others under the Suppression of Communism Act; Sentenced to nine months imprisonment with hard labour, suspended for two years; Elected first of ANC deputy presidents; Opens South Africa’s first black law firm with Oliver Tambo
1953
Devises the M-Plan for the ANC’s future underground operations
1955 26 June
Watches as the Congress of the People at Kliptown adopts the Freedom Charter
1956 5 December
Arrested and later joins 155 others on trial for teason. All are acquitted by 29 March 1961
1958
Divorces Evelyn Mase; Marries Nomzamo Winnie Madikizela – they have two daughters: Zenani (1959) and Zindzi (1960)
1960 21 March
Sharpeville Massacre
30 March
A State of Emergency is imposed and he is among thousands detained
8 April
The ANC is banned
1961
Goes underground; Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) is formed
1962 11 January
Leaves the country for military training and to garner support for the ANC
23 July
Returns to South Africa
5 August
Arrested near Howick in KwaZulu-Natal
7 November
Sentenced to five years in prison for incitement and leaving the country without a passport
1963 27 May
Sent to Robben Island
12 June
Returned to Pretoria Local Prison
9 October
Appears in court for the first time in what becomes known as the Rivonia Trial, with Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Kathrada, Lionel ‘Rusty’ Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi and Andrew Mlangeni
3 December
Pleads not guilty to sabotage in the Rivonia Trial
1964 4 June
James Kantor discharged and released
12 June All except Rusty Bernstein are convicted and sentenced to life
13 June
Arrives on Robben Island
1969 13 July
Thembekile is killed in a car accident
1982 31 March
Mandela, Sisulu, Raymond Mhlaba and Andrew Mlangeni and later Ahmed Kathrada are sent to Pollsmoor Prison
1985 10 February
Rejects, through his daughter, Zindzi, South African President PW Botha’s offer to release him if he renounces violence
1985 3 November
Admitted to the Volks Hospital for prostate surgery
23 November
Discharged from Volks Hospital and returned to Pollsmoor Prison
1988 12 August
Admitted to Tygerberg Hospital where he is diagnosed with tuberculosis
31 August
Admitted to Constantiaberg MediClinic
7 December
Moved to Victor Verster Prison in Paarl where he is held for 14 months in a cottage
1990 2 February
ANC is unbanned
11 February
Released
2 March
Elected ANC Deputy President
1993 10 December
Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with President FW de Klerk
1994 27 April
Votes for the first time in his life
9 May
Elected by Parliament as first president of a democratic South Africa
10 May
Inaugurated as President of the Republic of South Africa
14 December
Launches his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom
1995
Establishes the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund
1996
Divorces Winnie Mandela
1998 18 July
Marries Graça Machel on his 80th birthday
1999
Steps down after one term as President, establishes the Nelson Mandela Foundation
2001
Diagnosed with prostate cancer
2003
Establishes the Mandela Rhodes Foundation
2004 1 June
Announces that he will be stepping down from public life
2005 6 January
Announces that his eldest son Makgatho had died of AIDS
2007 13 April
Attends the installation of his grandson Mandla as chief of the Mvezo Traditional Council
2008 27 June Asks future generations to continue the fight for social justice
18 July
Turns 90 years old
2009
Votes for the fourth time in his life; Attends the inauguration of President Jacob Zuma on 9 May and witnesses Zuma’s first State of the Nation address; Turns 91
2010
Formally presented with the Fifa World Cup trophy before it embarks on a tour of South Africa
11 June
His great-granddaughter Zenani is killed in a car accident
17 June
Attends the funeral of his great-granddaughter Zenani
11 July
Makes a surprise appearance at the final of the Fifa World Cup in Soweto
18 July
Celebrates his 92nd birthday at home in Johannesburg with family and friends
12 October
His second book Conversations with Myself is published
18 November
Meets the South African and American football teams that played in the Nelson Mandela Challenge match
2011 January
Admitted to hospital in Johannesburg. Discharged after two nights
16 May
Votes in the local government elections
27 June
His book Nelson Mandela By Himself: The Authorised Book of Quotations is launched
21 June
Visited at home by American First Lady Michelle Obama and her daughters Sasha and Malia
18 July
Celebrates his 93rd birthday with his family in Qunu, Eastern Cape
21 October
Officially counted in South Africa’s Census 2011
25 December
Spends Christmas with family in Qunu, Transkei
2012 25 February
Admitted to hospital
26 February
Discharged from hospital
18 July
Celebrates his 94th birthday with his family in Qunu, Transkei
8 December
Admitted to hospital
26 December
Discharged from hospital
2013 1 January
Spends New Year’s Day with members of his family in Johannesburg
9 March
Admitted to hospital
10 March 10
Discharged from hospital
27 March
Admitted to hospital
6 April
Discharged from hospital
8 June
Admitted to hospital
18 July
Spends his 95th birthday in hospital
1 September
Discharged from hospital
5 December
Passes away at home in Johannesburgy
3
https://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/timeline
What events may have led to their movement
Because he was African American and they were getting discriminated against.
How and Why were they involved in the movement
Mrs.Sterling
#4
