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systematics > History of Taxonomy > Flashcards

History of Taxonomy Flashcards

lesson 1 - week 1

1
Q

history of taxonomy is divided into 2 era, which are?

A

prelinnaean and postlinnaean

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2
Q

who founded the modern taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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3
Q

he is the father of chinese medicine and wrote one of the earliest pharmacopoeias

A

Shen Nung

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4
Q

what is the title of the pharmacopoeia, which included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals?

A

Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica

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5
Q

on what year were medicinal plants illustrated on wall paintings in egypt?

A

1500 BC

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6
Q

it is one of the oldest and largest papyrus rolls

A

Ebers Papyrus

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7
Q

who were the greek and romans during the Pre-Linnaean taxonomy era?

A

Aristotle
Theophrastus
Dioscorides
Plinius

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8
Q

he was the first to classify all living things and he divided the animals with blood into live-bearing and egg-bearing

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

he wrote a classification of all known plants, De Historia Plantarum, which contained 480 species

A

Theophrastus

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10
Q

what book was used for taxonomic purposes until the Middle Ages in Europe.

A

De Historia Plantarum

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11
Q

he wroteDe Materia Medica, which contained around 600 species

A

Dioscorides

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12
Q

what book was used in medicine until the 16th century, and was copied several times

A

De Materia Medica

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13
Q

______ wrote the book ____ which was the only one to have been saved

A

Plinius, Naturalis Historia

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14
Q

who is the father of botanical latin?

A

Plinius

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15
Q

enumerate the herbalists who wrote different herbals

A

Brunfels
Bock
Fuchs
Mattioli
Turner
L’Obel,
Gerard
L’Ecluse

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16
Q

earliest works of _____ and ____ were merely copied in the herbals

A

Theophrastos and
Dioscorides

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17
Q

he was one of the earliest authors and was often called the first taxonomist

A

Caesalpino

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18
Q

In 1583 Caesalpino wrote_____, a work that contained 1500 species

A

De Plantis

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19
Q

what was the plant families (2) that Caesalpino recognized?

A

Brassicaceae and Asteraceae

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20
Q

two twin swiss brothers, _____ wrote _____ in 1623 which listed 6000 species

A

Bauhin, Pinax Theatri Botanici

21
Q

The word “pinax” in the bauhin brothers’ book means?

A

register

22
Q

what major taxonomic levels did the bauhin brothers recognized? (2)

A

genera and species

23
Q

In 1682 he published Methodus Plantarum Nova, which contained around 18 000 plant species

A

John Ray

24
Q

In 1700 he published Institutiones Rei Herbariae, in which around 9000 species were listed in 698 genera

A

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort

25
Q

two works of Carl Linnaeus are regarded as the starting points of modern botanical and zoological taxonomy: the global flora _______, published in 1753 and the tenth edition of ______ in 1758 including global fauna

A

Species Plantarum, Systema Naturae

26
Q

Linnaeus counted _____ species of flowering plants in 1753

A

8530

27
Q

Carl Linnaeus started his career by publishing a system of all living things and minerals in 1735 called _______

A

Systema Naturae

28
Q

what did Linnaeus introduce in his book?

A

sexual system of plants - stamens and pistils

29
Q

______ is a science surrounded by philosophy

A

Scientia

30
Q

In 1735 Linnaeus published ______, with rules for the formulation of generic names and ____ with a list of all known genera

A

Critica botanica, Genera Plantarum

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Mammalia was a term created by Linnaeus

A

TRUE

32
Q

enumerate the Post-Linnaean taxonomist

A

Georges-Luise Leclerc de Buffon
Michel Adanson
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

33
Q

he was a strong critic to Linnaeus work, and he found it wrong to impose an artificial order on the disorderly natural world

A

Georges-Luise Leclerc de Buffon

34
Q

He critized Linnaeus’ works, and considered Tournefort’s classification far superior

A

Michel Adanson

35
Q

Andanson wrote ____ in 1763

A

Familles des Plantes

36
Q

He divided the plants into acotyledons, monocotyledons and dicotyledons and established the family rank in between the ranks “genus” and “class”

A

Antoine Laurent de Jussieu

37
Q

Jussieu changed the system of plants with his ______ in 1789, in which he launched a natural system based on many characters that came to be a foundation of modern classification

A

Genera Plantarum

38
Q

He launched an evolutionary theory including inheritance of acquired characters, named “Lamarckism,” which foreshadowed the theory of evolution presented by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 in London

A

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

39
Q

One of the first attempts to create rules in botanical taxonomy was made by _____ in his book _____ in 1813.

A

Augustin Pyramus de
Candolle, Théory élémentaire de la botanique

40
Q

he published the controversial work Revisio generum Plantarum, in which he applied Candolle’s laws from 1867 rigidly. He changed 1000 generic names and 30 000 species names

A

Otto Kuntze

41
Q

In 1842 a British ornithologist elaborated the first nomenclatural laws for zoology, the “Strickland Code”

A

Hugh Edwin
Strickland

42
Q

who launched the evolutionary theory in 1858

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

43
Q

two German biologists who started the construction of evolutionary trees

A

Ernst Haeckel and August Wilhelm Eichler

44
Q

Haeckel established the term _____

A

“phylogeny”

45
Q

who were the Masters in plant systematics

A

Eugen Warming
John Hutchinson
Armen Leonovich Takhtajan
Arthur J. Cronquist
Robert F. Thorne
Rolf Dahlgren

46
Q

he founded the cladistic era in 1966, by stating that only similarities grouping species (synapomorphies) should be used in classification, and that taxa should include all descendants from one single ancestor (the rule of monophyly)

A

Willi Hennig

47
Q

The ______ reflects a philosophical shift from naming species and subsequently classifying them (i.e., into higher taxa) to naming both species and clades

A

PhyloCode

48
Q

who were the two zoologists from USA that started the discussions in the 1990’s and laid the theoretical foundation for a new nomenclatural code for all organisms? (The PhyloCode)

A

Kevin de Queiroz and Jacques Gauthier

systematics (3 decks)

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