History of Taxonomy

Question 1

history of taxonomy is divided into 2 era, which are?

Answer 1

prelinnaean and postlinnaean

Question 2

who founded the modern taxonomy?

Answer 2

Carl Linnaeus

Question 3

he is the father of chinese medicine and wrote one of the earliest pharmacopoeias

Answer 3

Shen Nung

Question 4

what is the title of the pharmacopoeia, which included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals?

Answer 4

Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica

Question 5

on what year were medicinal plants illustrated on wall paintings in egypt?

Answer 5

1500 BC

Question 6

it is one of the oldest and largest papyrus rolls

Answer 6

Ebers Papyrus

Question 7

who were the greek and romans during the Pre-Linnaean taxonomy era?

Answer 7

Aristotle
Theophrastus
Dioscorides
Plinius

Question 8

he was the first to classify all living things and he divided the animals with blood into live-bearing and egg-bearing

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

he wrote a classification of all known plants, De Historia Plantarum, which contained 480 species

Answer 9

Theophrastus

Question 10

what book was used for taxonomic purposes until the Middle Ages in Europe.

Answer 10

De Historia Plantarum

Question 11

he wroteDe Materia Medica, which contained around 600 species

Answer 11

Dioscorides

Question 12

what book was used in medicine until the 16th century, and was copied several times

Answer 12

De Materia Medica

Question 13

______ wrote the book ____ which was the only one to have been saved

Answer 13

Plinius, Naturalis Historia

Question 14

who is the father of botanical latin?

Answer 14

Plinius

Question 15

enumerate the herbalists who wrote different herbals

Answer 15

Brunfels
Bock
Fuchs
Mattioli
Turner
L’Obel,
Gerard
L’Ecluse

Question 16

earliest works of _____ and ____ were merely copied in the herbals

Answer 16

Theophrastos and
Dioscorides

Question 17

he was one of the earliest authors and was often called the first taxonomist

Answer 17

Caesalpino

Question 18

In 1583 Caesalpino wrote_____, a work that contained 1500 species

Answer 18

De Plantis

Question 19

what was the plant families (2) that Caesalpino recognized?

Answer 19

Brassicaceae and Asteraceae

Question 20

two twin swiss brothers, _____ wrote _____ in 1623 which listed 6000 species

Answer 20

Bauhin, Pinax Theatri Botanici

Question 21

The word “pinax” in the bauhin brothers’ book means?

Answer 21

register

Question 22

what major taxonomic levels did the bauhin brothers recognized? (2)

Answer 22

genera and species

Question 23

In 1682 he published Methodus Plantarum Nova, which contained around 18 000 plant species

Answer 23

John Ray

Question 24

In 1700 he published Institutiones Rei Herbariae, in which around 9000 species were listed in 698 genera

Answer 24

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort

Question 25

two works of Carl Linnaeus are regarded as the starting points of modern botanical and zoological taxonomy: the global flora _______, published in 1753 and the tenth edition of ______ in 1758 including global fauna

Answer 25

Species Plantarum, Systema Naturae

Question 26

Linnaeus counted _____ species of flowering plants in 1753

Answer 26

8530

Question 27

Carl Linnaeus started his career by publishing a system of all living things and minerals in 1735 called _______

Answer 27

Systema Naturae

Question 28

what did Linnaeus introduce in his book?

Answer 28

sexual system of plants - stamens and pistils

Question 29

______ is a science surrounded by philosophy

Answer 29

Scientia

Question 30

In 1735 Linnaeus published ______, with rules for the formulation of generic names and ____ with a list of all known genera

Answer 30

Critica botanica, Genera Plantarum

Question 31

TRUE OR FALSE Mammalia was a term created by Linnaeus

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

enumerate the Post-Linnaean taxonomist

Answer 32

Georges-Luise Leclerc de Buffon Michel Adanson Antoine Laurent de Jussieu Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 33

he was a strong critic to Linnaeus work, and he found it wrong to impose an artificial order on the disorderly natural world

Answer 33

Georges-Luise Leclerc de Buffon

Question 34

He critized Linnaeus' works, and considered Tournefort's classification far superior

Answer 34

Michel Adanson

Question 35

Andanson wrote ____ in 1763

Answer 35

Familles des Plantes

Question 36

He divided the plants into acotyledons, monocotyledons and dicotyledons and established the family rank in between the ranks "genus" and "class"

Answer 36

Antoine Laurent de Jussieu

Question 37

Jussieu changed the system of plants with his ______ in 1789, in which he launched a natural system based on many characters that came to be a foundation of modern classification

Answer 37

Genera Plantarum

Question 38

He launched an evolutionary theory including inheritance of acquired characters, named "Lamarckism," which foreshadowed the theory of evolution presented by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 in London

Answer 38

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 39

One of the first attempts to create rules in botanical taxonomy was made by _____ in his book _____ in 1813.

Answer 39

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Théory élémentaire de la botanique

Question 40

he published the controversial work Revisio generum Plantarum, in which he applied Candolle's laws from 1867 rigidly. He changed 1000 generic names and 30 000 species names

Answer 40

Otto Kuntze

Question 41

In 1842 a British ornithologist elaborated the first nomenclatural laws for zoology, the "Strickland Code"

Answer 41

Hugh Edwin Strickland

Question 42

who launched the evolutionary theory in 1858

Answer 42

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 43

two German biologists who started the construction of evolutionary trees

Answer 43

Ernst Haeckel and August Wilhelm Eichler

Question 44

Haeckel established the term _____

Answer 44

"phylogeny"

Question 45

who were the Masters in plant systematics

Answer 45

Eugen Warming John Hutchinson Armen Leonovich Takhtajan Arthur J. Cronquist Robert F. Thorne Rolf Dahlgren

Question 46

he founded the cladistic era in 1966, by stating that only similarities grouping species (synapomorphies) should be used in classification, and that taxa should include all descendants from one single ancestor (the rule of monophyly)

Answer 46

Willi Hennig

Question 47

The ______ reflects a philosophical shift from naming species and subsequently classifying them (i.e., into higher taxa) to naming both species and clades

Answer 47

PhyloCode

Question 48

who were the two zoologists from USA that started the discussions in the 1990's and laid the theoretical foundation for a new nomenclatural code for all organisms? (The PhyloCode)

Answer 48

Kevin de Queiroz and Jacques Gauthier