History of South Sudan pre 2011 Flashcards
What year did Egypt conquer northern parts of Sudan, developing ivory and slave trades?
1820
What year were the Nationalist Revolts, led by Muhammed Ahmad Al Mahdi, in opposition to Egyptian and British Rule?
1880s
What year were the British and the Egyptians defeated and a theocracy created in Khartoum?
1885
When did Britain regain control of South Sudan?
1890s - Led by Lord Kitchener, in 1899 Egypt and Britain agree on joint government of Sudan
When did the British Secretary in Khartoum announce the Southern Policy?
1930
When did Britain and Khartoum decvided to merge north and south into single administrative region?
1946
What was made the language of administration in the South in 1946?
Arabic
When did Sudan get independence from the British?
January 1st 1956
When was the first civil war in The Sudans?
1955-1972
Who were the Anyana?
In 1955, anticipating independence and fearing domination by the north, southern insurgents stage a mutiny in Torit. These early rebels develop a large secessionist movement in the south, called the Anyanya. The Anyanya struggled with a lot of internal factionalism and instability, much like the SPLA would deal with in the second civil war.
In 1972, all of the rebel groups merged under what name? (to push for a peace agreement called the Addis Ababa Agreement)
South Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM)
What did the Addis Ababa agreement achieve?
Considerable autonomy for Southern Sudan, share of natural resources
After the Addis Ababa agreement, how long did the conflict stop for?
Ten years
Sudan gained legitimacy in peacetime, what happened?
Western countried begin supplying government with arm and the country is embroiled in cold war politics. The US sells Sudan lots of weapons hoping to counter Soviet support of Marxist Ethiopians and Libyans.
In 1978 who found large oil fields in the Upper Nile Region and southern Kordofan region?
Chevron
What year did Khartoum attempt to redraw the boundaries of Southern Sudan?
1980
Why did Khartoum redraw the boundaries of Southern Sudan?
Because oil was found throughout the South
What is the Muglad basin?
The Muglad Basin is an area near the north-south border that was claimed by Khartoum and renamed, using the Arabic word for “unity.”
When was the second civil war?
1983 - 2005
What did repeated violations of the Addis Ababa agreement result in? (in the late 70s)
Increased unrest in the South
What year did Batallion 105 get attacked and flee to Ethiopia?
June 1983
What was Batallion 105?
A military unit comprised of mainly ex-Anyana troops that refused to move to the North and were attacked in June 1983
Who was John Garang?
The founder of the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army
When was the SPLA formed?
1983
What were the September Laws?
A set of decrees issued by Nimeiry that imposed Sharia law throughout the country
Who were the Lost Boys of South Sudan?
The Lost Boys of Sudan was the name given to a group of over 20,000 boys of the Nuer and Dinka ethnic groups. These boys were displaced or orphaned during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1987–2005) in which about 2 million were killed and others were severely affected.[1] The name “Lost Boys of Sudan” was colloquially used by aid workers in the refugee camps where the boys resided in Africa. Many believe the term was initially derived from the children’s story of Peter Pan.[2] The term was revived, as children fled the post-independence violence of South Sudan with Sudan during 2011–13
When did Omar al-Bashir seize power in Khartoum?
1989
What kind of governemt did Omar al-Bashir instate in Sudan?
The new government fiercely enforces Islamic code throughout Sudan, banning trade unions, political parties, and other “non-religious” institutions
What year did Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya start accepting Sudanese refugees?
1992
When was the IGAD peace agreement pursued?
1993
When does the US launch a missile attack on a pharmacuetical factory outside of Khartoum, and why?
1998, they claimed they thought Khartoum was developing chemical weapons
In 2001 there was a terrible famine in Sudan, how many people were effected?
3 million
When did the Darfur conflict begin?
February 2003
When was peace brokered between Southern rebels adn the government fo Sudan?
2005
What was the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement?
The Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) is signed, granting autonomy to the south for a six-year trial period, after which the south will have the opportunity to vote to secede. The agreement calls for a permanent ceasefire and sharing of oil revenues. Islamic law remains in effect in the north, while its use in the south is decided regionally.
When did John Garang die?
2005 in a helicopter crash
What happened in April 2010?
Sudan holds its first national elections in over 20 years. Key opposition parties boycott at the last minute charging election fraud. Omar Hassan al-Bashir wins Presidency of Sudan with 68% of the vote. Salva Kiir wins Presidency of the Government of Southern Sudan with 75% of the vote.
When was the vote for secession?
January 9th 2011
When did South Sudan become its own country?
July 9th 2011
