History of Sanctions Flashcards
What is one of the first recorded instances of sanctions?
Fifth century BC- Megarian Decree in 432 BC, imposed by Athenians, levying economic sanctions to ban citizens of Megara from accessing markets in Athenian empire.
What part of the League of Nation’s Covenant had the power to deploy sanctions?
Article 16- Authorising economic sanctions and military actions against any state that employs war.
How many cases of collective action sanctions were undertaken after the authorization in Article 16 of the League of Nation’s Covenant?
Four - the least successful was in 1935-1936 when the League of Nations joined with UK against Italy after its invasion of Ethiopia
What kind of sanctions did the ideas behind the League of Nations resemble?
Multilateral sanctions
When did unilateral sanctions begin to be replaced by multilateral, intergovernmental coalitions?
1990s after Cold War ended
In relation to changing a nation’s behaviour, sanctions may be used for
- Deterrence
- Prevention
- Punishment
What kind of sanctions has EU imposed?
Geographic sanctions and activity / issued based sanctions.
What kind of purposes have sanctions been used for?
- preventing war
- promoting democratic values
- punishing human rights abusers
- preventing nuclear proliferation
- freeing of captured citizens
- restoration of sovereign lands
How did the US condemn state-sponsored apartheid in South Africa through the use of sanctions in 1986?
The US banned new investments, any sales to police or military, new bank loans (except for trade). Also banned the import of certain goods and products of SOEs.
When was the UN’s Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, or the NPT, signed?
1968
When did the UN’s Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, or the NPT, come into effect?
March 1970
When was the NPT extended?
The NPT was extended on 11 May 1995 indefinitely.
What is the goal of the NPT?
The goal of the NPT is to create a binding commitment of disarmament by the five declared nuclear weapon states and to promote the peaceful use of nuclear tech while preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons tech.
What is the IAEA and its goal?
International Atomic Energy Agency to monitor compliance with the terms of the NPT. It periodically inspecte the facilities and ops of member nations who have concluded nuclear safeguards agreements with the Agency.
Which country is often seen as a successful example of the use of sanctions in deterring proliferation?
Libya
When did Libya ratify the NPT?
26 May 1975.
How many times were sanctions imposed on Libya?
Libya ratified the NPT on 26 May 1975. Less than 5 yrs later, the US sanctioned Libya as a state sponsor of terrorism. In the meantime, Libya, with the aid of Russia, continued developing its Russia capabilities. The US imposed additional sanctions in 1986, and in 1992 the UN Security Council began imposing sanctions.
When did the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA) become law?
1996
What did the ILSA enable the US president to do?
It enabled the US president from 1996 to further impose sanctions against foreign companies that invested $40M or more in the Libyan oil industry. This number was lowered in 2002 to $20 million.
When did Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi announce that it would renounce its WMD programme?
Dec 2003
What US Act allows for unilateral, global sanctions to be imposed for human rights offenders and corrupt actors?
Magnitsky Act
What kind of individuals can be sanctioned under the Magnitsky Act?
Foreign gov officials involved in human rights abuses anywhere in the world, including those involved with the assassination of the Washington Post reporter Jamal Khashoggi in 2018.
Which five other countries have adopted similar laws to the Magnitsky sanctions?
Canada, Estonia, Lithuania, UK and Latvia
Can Elephants like UK less?
What process was established in 2003 by the UN to make an impact in the trade of conflict diamonds?
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
What are the requirements under the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme?
Govs are required to implement controls on the import and export of diamonds to both certify and control the trade of rough diamonds and to create a documentary trail as to the extraction and refinement process.
What is the USA Patriot Act of 2001?
The Patriot Act establishes rules about deposits made into foreign bank accounts. The law states that funds deposited in a foreign bank are subject to US jurisdiction if the foreign bank has an interbank acct in the US as well. This is because the US considers that the overseas deposited funds also makes up part of the interbank funds.
What sanctions targeting individuals and entities affiliated with Al Quaeda and Taliban was established by the UNSC in 1999 in response to the bombing of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania?
Resolution UNSCR 1267
UNSCR 1267 was expanded in 2014 to include individuals and entities affiliated to which entity?
ISIS
What Convention was adopted by the UNGA in 1999 to criminalise the financing of terrorism and calls for international cooperation in the detecting and freezing of assets that are used, or intended for use, to finance terrorism?
International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
Is the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism a sanction?
Although not a sanction, all signatories are required to penalise, take into custody, prosecute and where required, extradite offenders.
What resolution was passed following the attacks of 11 Sept 2001?
UNSCR 1373
What resolution was imposed against Sudan due to their support for Osama bin Laden and a number of his close entourage?
Resolution 1054 in 1996.
What is the scope of Resolution 1054 against Sudan?
Countries should impose limitations both on diplomatic representation with Sudan and movement of Sudanese dignatories abtoad. Later this included flights of Sudanese officials and aircrafts.
When were sanctions under Resolution 1054 lifted?
2001 after Sudan acceded and ordered expulsion of bin Laden and followers.
Which countries have EU sanctioned in relation to kleptocrats?
Tunisia, Egypt after Arab Spring, and Ukraine
The Elephants Union
Why were unilateral sanctions from 1983 to 1986 ineffective by Australia on France?
In 1984 the price of uranium oxide decreased by nearly 50% in the world market, and France was able to easily replace this trade channel.
What are autonomous sanctions?
Autonomous sanctions occur when a single entity, whether a gov, such as Australia, or a coalition of governments, such as the EU, acts to enforce a sanctions regime.
When does EU have autonomous sanctions?
These occur when the Council decides to impose sanctions on its own initiative. Eg. When Latvia passed a version of the US’s Magnitsky Act in 2018, imposing travel restrictions on 49 Russian citizens.