History Of Radthera Flashcards
Who first discovered x-ray
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
What year was x-ray discovered
1895
Who discovered radium and polonium
Marie Curie
Who first discovered the treatment for lupus vulgaris and on what year
Leopold Freund and Eduard Schiff 1896
Who first discovered the treatment for lupus erythematosus and what year
Leopold Freund and Eduard Schiff 1898
______ reported first CA cured by radiation and on what year
Thor stenbeck, 1899
On what year did ______ observed the first physiological effects of radium
Otto walkoff 1890
He place radium on his pocket and on what year
Henri Becquerel 1901
Law of bergonie and tribondeau
1906
developed and patented dioradin and what year
Bela Agustin and A de szendeffy 1911
implemented fractionated radiation therapy for advanced laryngeal carcinoma and on what year
Regaud and Henri Coutard 1920
Co-60
1951
Medical Linac were used
1950
Combined surgery and moderate dose of radiation
Mv linac and on what yeaar
Gilbert Fletcher, 1960
CT simulator
1980
What year was cyclotron invented and Cyclotron was invented by
1931, Ernest Laurence
Who constructed betaron and on what year
D.W kerst, 1940
Also known as: Radiation Oncology
Radiation therapy
Dose of radiation that result in the death of cancer cells.
Cancercidal dose
General Objectives:
To deliver maximum dose to the tumor while giving the minimum dose to the surrounding normal tissues or cells”
aims of radiation therapy
Curative
Prophylactic
Palliative
Transmissions of cells or group of cells from primary tumor to site/s elsewhere in the body.
Metastasis
4 specific modes of treatment
Surgery
Cytotoxic drugs
Radiation therapy
Hormone treatment
Classification of treatment
Radical
Palliative
Dose amount given depends on
Size of tumor
Extent of tumor
Type of tumor
Who are the person involved
Medical physicist
Medical dosimetrist
Oncology nurse
Radiation therapist
responsible for calibration and maintenance of the radiation-producing equipment.
Medical physicist
person responsible for the calculation of the proper radiation treatment dose
Medical dosimetrist
person trained to assist and take directions from radiation oncologist in the use of ionizing radiation for the treatment of disease.
Radiation therapist
Educating patient about potential radiation side effects and assisting patients with the management of the side effects.
Oncology nurse
Variation of normal growth
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Neoplasia
2 classification of neoplasm
Benign
Malignant
What are the carcinogen
Chronic irratation
Radiation
Infection
Hormone
Worm
Virus
Spread of cancer may occur in several ways
Local invasion
Through lymph nodes vessel
Through blood vessels
Across cavities
Division of cancer
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Reticulosis
Methods of early detection
Periodical medical examination
Cytological examination
Radiological examination
Highly specialized technique
Signs and symptoms of cancer
C- hange in bowel
A- sore that never heals
U-nusual vaginal discharge
T-hicking or lump in breast
I-ndigestion difficulty of swallowing
O-bvious changes in the size/color of warts/mole
N-agging cough or hoarseness
U-nexplained anemia
S-udden weight loss
Two types of radiation therapy
External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
BRACHYTHERAPY
Radiation source is far from the body
Teletherapy
Radiation source is direct/near the tumor
BRACHYTHERAPY
Two types of radiation
Particulate radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
§ Radiation that travels in a space processing
either mass or charge or both
Processess high KE( kinetic energy)
Particulate radiation
Radiation that travels in a wave form,
accompanied by electrical and magnetic
field
Possess potential energy
Electromagnetic radiation
the distribution of electromagnetic
radiation according to energy
Electromagnetic spectrum
Longer wavelength
RF
Infrared light
Visible light
UV
ranging from the long waves through the
broad cast band to short waves and ultra short waves in radar
- used for transmissions of data, via modulation. Television, mobile phones, wireless networking and amateur
radio all use radio waves
Radio frequency
these are produced by molecular
vibration and the excitation of the outer electrons of the
atom. Its heating effect utilized in Physical therapy.
Infrared light
ranging from red, orange, yellow, green and
blue to violet
- transmitted by materials such as glass and steel - can be used in surgery as LASER
Visible light
produced by the excitation of our electrons in
an atom
- it is higher that the frequency of ultraviolet coming
from the SUN. It is induced the human body tp produced Vit. D
Ultra Violet
Shorter wave
X-ray
Gamma rays
produced when the fast-moving electron
interact with a high atomic level
energy: 1 KeV – 50 MeV
Diagnostic: 25 kVp – 150 kVp
X-ray
Emitted during Isomeric Transition in
radionuclides
no mass, no charge and only in Nuclear EMR.
Gamma rays
Classifications of radiation according to its ionizing ability
Non-ionizing
Ionizing radiation
radiation is not capable of ionization
(first 4 in EM spectrum/longer wavelength)
Non-ionizing radiation
capable of ionization
a. X-ray
b. gamma ray
c. alpha
d. negatron
e. positron
f. neutron
Ionizing radiation
Radiation interaction with matter
Compton interaction
Rayleigh’s scattering
Photoelectric effect
Pair production
Photodisintegration
change in direction of photons caused by
the interaction between photons and matter
• No ionization, only excitation
Rayleigh scattering
Electrons from the outer orbital shell are deflected by
the same electron causing to travel in a new direction
as scattered or secondary radiation
- most hazardous to radiation worker due to scatter
radiation
Compton interaction
first observed by
Heinrich Hertz
- occurs when the incident x-ray is totally
absorbed during the ionization of an inner shell
electron.- good effect: produces good radiograph
or gives contras
Photoelectric effect
occurs in x-rays that have
energies greater than 1.022 MeV
- Each electron (negatron or negative
electron and positron or positive electron)
possesses 0.511 MeV
- important in PET facility
- does not occur in diagnostic
radiology
Pair production
photon absorbed
by the nucleus and the nuclear fragment is
emitted
- the energy required to undergo this
interaction is greater than or equal to 7-10
Mev
Photodisintegration
Who invented the cerrobend blocks
Barnabas wood
