History of Radiobiology Flashcards
The first American organization regarding radiation included physicians, surgeons, dentists, x-ray authors, inventors, investors, electricians, chemists, and physics teachers. Name it.
Roentgen Society of the U.S.
Besides uneven leg lengths in children, infertility and other female difficulties, name a few of the other aliments treated by radiation therapy before World War II.
Arthritis, infections, pulmonary problems, hay fever, nose bleeds, and thyroid
State the exposure time range for the shoe fitting fluoroscopy
5 - 45 seconds; 20 seconds most common
Discovered natural radioactivity in 1896
Antoine Becquerel
Known as the “Forgotten Man” of radiobiology. Did not receive a Noble Prize like Roentgen, the Curies, Becquerel, and Rutherford.
Paul Villard
In the Spanish-American War, a low mortality rate resulted due to the use of x-rays and the resulting treatment. What percentage of American soldiers recovered from their wounds?
In 1896, places where people made appointments to have independent operators take their radiographs.
Until the 1960’s, radiation therapy treated many types of aliments. What forms of treatment replaced radiation?
Penicillin, sulfa drugs, and antibiotics
Discovered x-rays in 1895
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
In what war was shoe fluoroscopy first used on wounded soldiers to expedite the exam and make a quicker diagnosis?
World War I (WWI)
Hand became the first roentgenogram. Stated that it was like “looking at death.”
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s wife
Radium laced water stored in a large pottery crock lined with lead was advertised as a means to increasing general health and well-being. What was this device known as?
Revigorator
Name the purpose of the National council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)?
Provide education and recommendations to radiation users
Name the organization that sets the standards of practice, radiation protection, and public health used by many radiologists today.
American College of Radiology (ACR)
Although Picker supplied all equipment and parts, enlisted men were trained to work on all types of equipment including installation, dismantling, and transporting. Name this war.
World War II
Name the person who promoted the use of x-rays for a variety of medical problems and co-authored the first American textbook.
Francis Williams
Because many of the early technologists received little formal training, from what careers or background did many of them come from?
Photographers or electricians
Name Thomas Edison’s assistant who helped in the manufacturing of x-ray tubes, was exposed to a high amount of radiation, and eventually died from metastatic skin cancer after suffering amputation of the arms to the shoulders.
Clarence Dally
At one time it was believed that the interaction of x-rays with the skin, unwanted particles from exposure, and the electricity used to make the exposure were all probably causes of what?
Radiation burns
Many people believed x-rays were harmless and blamed other causes. Name some of these.
X-ray allergy, heat, moisture, chemical reaction
Who is responsible for the first textbook published in North America?
United States Army
William Rollins experiments on guinea pigs with radiation over-exposure led to two conclusions. What are they?
X-rays lethal to healthy person; should not be used on pregnant women
How was radiology used in the art world?
Identify art forgeries of paintings, sculptures, pottery, & stamps
How many exposures per year were children limited to in an effort to prohibit overuse of shoe-fitting fluoroscopy?
12
Experimented with radiation and diamonds, thus laying the foundation for today’s TLD dosimeters
Marie Curie
State the technical factors used with shoe fluoroscopy.
50 kVp & 3-8 mA along with 3 different intensities (high, medium, low)
Father of Nuclear Physics
Ernest Rutherford
Once represented all national radiology organizations in the U.S. on a scientific basis before Congress reorganized and renamed it.
Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radiation Protection
Name some common radium consumer products.
Toothpaste, bath salts, linens, spas, drinks, and suppositories
Named the person who made available the first commercially produced fluoroscope.
Thomas Edison
Involving a boy falling out of a tree and a misdiagnosis by a surgeon, this became the first civil case in the U.S. involving radiographs.
Smith vs. Grant
Whose death was the first one to be directly linked to radiation exposure?
Clarence Dally
The first criminal case involved identifying the caliber of a bullet using radiology. Name the case.
Haynes murder trail
Name the two episodes involving man-made radiation that resulted in exposing numerous individuals to extreme amounts of exposure.
World War II atomic bombs; Chernobyl
Name the signs and symptoms of radiation overexposure.
Skin redness, infection, epilation, pain, and lesions.
Who is noted as “America’s First Radiologist?”
Francis Williams
Edison tested over 8,000 substances to find this substance necessary to increase the fluoresce of a fluoro screen.
Calcium tungstate
World War I saw a dramatic increase in the use of radiology. What two new inventions resulted?
X-ray table with 2 removable tops; portable x-ray field unit
What symbol in Hamburg, Germany honors the men and women who sacrificed and often died experimenting with radiation?
Martyrs Memorial
For the first time, World War II applicants to the military had to undergo a pre-entrance physical which included a __________________.
Chest x-ray
World War II required a preliminary x-ray of the chest and intense training of radiologists and technologists. Name two other items that made an appearance.
Mobile surgical hospital and standardized x-ray units
Name the amount of exposure shoe clients were limited to when undergoing shoe fluoroscopy.
2 Roentgens per 5 second exposure
Name some common uranium consumer products.
Medicines, salves, comforters, and nicotine controllers.
What was the purpose of using leather discs soaked in water?
Leather filters were used to eliminate soft rays that would be absorbed
Long exposure times, short SOD of 10 inches, and successive exposure of wounded soldiers resulted in __________.
Severe radiation burns. This led to exposure guidelines.
Who is known as the “Father of Radiation Protection?”
William Rollins
Name the x-ray martyr who took a 6-month electrical science course, borrowed money from a family member to buy an x-ray unit, and then preceded to do extensive experiments with radiation in dental work and radiation therapy. Extensive amputation did not stop the spread of cancer and death resulted.
Elizabeth Ascheim
How long did it take to disassemble the portable x-ray field unit used during World War I?
3 minutes
Believed radioactivity may be a cure for cancer
Pierre Curie
Trained women to take radiographs during World War I. (WWI)
Marie Curie
Women painting clocks and instrument dials with luminous paint containing radium often developed ______________________________ of the jaw.
Lesions and tumors
Performed experiments with radioactive salts in Paris
Antoine Becquerel
Name the criminal case using a radiologist as an expert witness.
Orme murder trial
Experimented with uranium. Discovered alpha and beta particles, the proton of the atom, and the decay and half-life of a radioactive substance.
Ernest Rutherford
William Fuchs was asked to attend a President dying from an assassination attempt. Although radiographs were never taken, who was this President?
President McKinley
What killed the victim in the Orme murder trial?
Radiography involving a 35 minutes exposure
Applied electrical engineering knowledge to the equipment and the technical aspect of radiology to obtain outstanding images of gallstones, brain tumor, and aortic aneurysm.
Wolfram Fuchs
Name the war in which Elizabeth Ascheim aided the military by radiographing soldiers with her own x-ray unit.
Spanish-American War
Radium 226 was given to patients suffering from this aliment.
Arthritis
World’s largest credentialing organization that ensures quality patient care along with continual education after certification.
American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)
What does the most recent radiation warning symbol have on it?
Skull & crossbows, radiating radiation, and a person running away
What did the early technologists use to monitor personal radiation exposure?
Radiographic plate in pocket.
Name the early pioneer who made recommendations towards radiation safety such as lead around the tube, using smallest dose possible, radio-opaque glasses, positioning tube 1 meter away from patient, shielding workers, and collimation.
William Rollins
Who was believed to be more sensitive to possible radiation burns, fair or dark skin?
Fair skin
Although his hands exhibited signs of radiation overexposure, he continued to document and write papers on his degeneration. He was also a strong supporter of x-ray usage although he recommended limited exposure times.
Mihran Kassabian
Discovered gamma rays and that magnetic and electric fields have not impact on them.
Paul Villard
Who was known as an inventor who designed x-ray tubes and other accessories for his brother-in-law, Dr. Williams?
William Rollins
Describe the first radiation warning symbol.
Magenta propeller on a blue background.
Why was the radiation warning symbol changed in 2007?
Children and uneducated people not recognize warning
First person to receive 2 noble prizes.
Marie Curie
The 1920’s established the roentgen as the unit for exposure. It also implemented the first daily dose limit. What was it?
.2 Rem/day
Worked in an old leaky shed behind a university boiling pitchblende to obtain radium. Notebooks documenting experiments are radioactive and kept in lead lined boxes.
Pierre and Marie Curie
After viewing the anatomy on the radiographic plates and making a diagnosis, how did the early radiologists determine if they were correct?
1) Attend pt’s surgery or autopsy
2) Learn true diagnosis
Name the person who received a skin burn from carrying radium in their pocket
Antoine Becquerel
In 1896, places where people made appointments to have independent operators take their radiographs.
Roentgen Studios
