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History of Quebec FInal exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Quebec?

A
  • Challenging to discuss the history of Quebec, because the definition of what Quebec is has changed over time
  • Name to identify Quebecois people has changed - Quebecois was given after the Quiet Revolution, terms as french Canadian, Canadian, Quebecois
  • Quebec does not exist in a vacuum
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2
Q

The Laurentian Axis

A
  • Important river system
    -Area with limited agricultural potential
  • Settlement, Concentrations of people along the st Laurent axis and or saint Laurent lowlands - because they have more agricultural potential
  • geographically separates St Lawrence Lowlands and Great lakes Lowlands
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3
Q

Three sisters agriculture

A

Three sisters agriculture - an advanced and effective way to produce calories for a dense population. If the population is dense greater ability to exploit resources and military strength.
- main crops are squash, corn, and beans

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4
Q

How do we know about Indigenous history?

A
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5
Q

The St Lawrence Valley in 1500

A

2 main confederacies
Wendat confederacy - by lake Simcoe
Haudenosaunnee confederacy

Other polities
The Hochelagans and Stadaconans
Inu and Algonquins north of St Lawrence valley

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6
Q

Hunting and Gathering vs Agriculture

A

Hunting gathering vs agricultural
Exist together - hunting-gathering leads to a more varied diet vs agricultural
Less risk for hunter-gatherer fish societies and agricultural societies have more reliable access to food
- Two ways of providing calories

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7
Q

Two main confederacies at war

A

Wendac and haudeshawnee have been at war for a while (low-intensity conflict)
- 15th, 16th century

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8
Q

Why do Europeans send explorers to North America?

A
  • Europeans arent producing anything that china and india want
  • Belief that all wealth comes from gold and silver, because only thing China and India will take in return for goods
  • Chinese government remonetizes government with silver
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9
Q

Beaver

A
  • Beaver had been hunted to extinction in french
  • Pellting, felt, barbed, waterproof
  • Main thing of value french find
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10
Q

Jacque Cartier

A
  • French send Jacque Cartier
  • He is looking for a way to get across north America
  • Northwest passage
  • Route to India and china
  • Because the Ottoman empire is taking Constantinople
    Is contacted by Stadaconans
  • Makes contact with the Hochelagans
    Beaver
  • Cartier does not understand this is not a colonial space, can’t impose rule
  • kidnapped a few people
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11
Q

Champlain

A

diplomat, soldier
- arrives where Cartier had been, and Hochelagans had been destroyed, were no longer there
- forms alliance with Algonquin and Inu
- set up a colony for trading beaver, in exchange for defence against Huadeshawnee expansionism. “The Great Alliance.”
- understood that indigenous alliances were the only thing keeping them in their position
- becomes first to join Indigenous war group - to attack Mohawk party
- founded Quebec and New france

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12
Q

France’s early explortaion

A
  • One must integrate into trade networks
  • Early french explorers don’t get that they can’t colonize the population
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13
Q

The Start of the Franco-Wendat Alliance

A
  • Between Wendac confederacy, Algonquin, Inu and French
  • Set up by Champlain
  • defensive based alliance
  • ## in return Champlain gets permission to settle
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14
Q

Did french know they were in a massive war in 17th century?

A
  • drawn into an already existing conflict between Haudeshawnee and indigenous
  • start arms race as indigenous see potential in firearms and demand them from their allies
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15
Q

Dutch arms trade

A

Dutch set up in Albany
- become an arsenal for indigenous communities
- Haudeshawnee become best armed in North America
- french ask indigenous to convert to Christianity to get arms

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16
Q

The 1640s, what epidemic began to hit communties?

A
  • small poxs
  • decimated Wendac as they lose a lot of Leadership and leads to Haudeshawnee going on offensive resulting in Wendac dispersal
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17
Q

Early Fur trade

A
  • Fur trade is centred on Heronia and Wendac confederacy
  • becoming middlemen
  • trapping beaver themselves and conducting trade with the french
  • removing the Wendac, changes structure of the fur trade
  • centered around Montreal, French now have to contribute
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18
Q

Devlopment of New France

A

17th century, chartered a company to devlop new France but does not work
- French state takes over as a crown colony
- New France is now controlled by the French state and exists only to serve
- also a military garrison, as French fight Haudeshownee
- Bring down regular strength regiment to push into Haudeshawnee confederacy territory
- get raw materials, no diversifying economy

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19
Q

1701 - great peace of Montreal signing

A
  • ends warfare
  • Champlain started New France’s involvement to be at War with the Haudeshwonee
  • numerous nations signed
  • solves new frances biggest safety threat
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20
Q

New France Labour and Feudalism

A
  • Labour is too expensive, too few europeans
  • No possibility for military shipbuilding, bad wood quality
  • last feudal society
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21
Q

New France seignoral system

A
  • lord is granted a piece of land by the crown
  • his job is to encourage people to settle on land and rent out land plots
  • give people riverfront access
  • farms are near one another
  • narrow plots
  • peasant and seigneur relationship of responsibility to one another
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22
Q

1730s-1740s “golden age” of New France

A
  • Population was increasing
  • Urban society (20% of ppl lived in city)
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23
Q

7 Year of war breaks out against the English

A
  • British and french are shooting at each other in 1756 in Europe
  • France loses
  • major event in French Canadian history for many
  • caused the clerical elite to go back to France
  • France had pulled its forces into the interior
  • France give up new France but keep important colonies like St domingue
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24
Q

Anglo protestant commercial class

A
  • settle in Montreal
  • deurbanization
  • population growth in rural countryside
  • anglo bourgeoisie take charge of the Fur trade
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25
Q

Treaty of Paris 1783

A

-This treaty, signed on September 3, 1783, between the American colonies and Great Britain, ended the American Revolution and formally recognized the United States as an independent nation.
- ends 7 year war and American revolution, and french vs confederacy war
- defined the US boarder

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26
Q

Are French allowed to keep Rights?

A
  • Quebec act of 1774 - they keep religious and civil rights
  • English are broke, don’t want to police colony
  • French Canadians can use civil code
  • French Language is used in government and catholic office is legalized
  • French allies were abandoned by Indigenous allies in return for promise from British to not expand into indigenous territory
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27
Q

American Revolution

A
  • Britain colonists move West of Appalachians, hand over province of Quebec to keep Americans out
  • Tries to balance colonial interests, indigenous alliances, french Canadian rebellion
  • Americans of 13 colonies of Britain’s North america reject imperial rule due to taxation
  • want quebec support to fight to free French from Britain’s rule
  • Leave them stuck with colony full of Catholics and French
  • Loyalists flee north
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28
Q

Creation of Upper Canada

A
  • during the war, loyalists from American crown flee north
  • new colony south of the river called upper Canada
  • north of Ottawa river
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29
Q

Fur trade in the 19th century

A

Beavers are driven to extinction by fur trade
- are pushed further west
- Montreal fur traders start North West company
- have a monopoly on trade in Montreal
- rival of Hudson Bay company
- North West Company is defeated in the war
- Britain crown forces the two to merge, based in London (1821) (no longer centred on st Lawrence valley, eliminates trade in Montreal)

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30
Q

New commodity of Lumber

A
  • napoleonic war france had tried to starve britain of raw materials, wood for ship building,
  • north America had lot of lumber for them
  • end of 19th century, lumber is massively exported into the British Market
  • 80% of commodity being sold as exports
  • going into woods to cut down trees becomes huge economical survival strategy in this period
  • incentivizes development of saw mills and shipbuilding which becomes main economy around Quebec city
  • diversifying economy
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31
Q

Navigation acts

A
  • created a closed system between Birtain and Canada
  • get preferential tariffs that US wouldn’t have
  • subsidized by British market - encourages the development of lumber economy
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32
Q

Age of Revolution

A
  • 1791 - corrupt system run by the chateau click (mostly anglophone elites, bourgeois, mostly class-based)
  • elected assembly had no power
  • governor general and executive assembly had all the power
  • fight for democracy
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33
Q

Patriot party

A
  • put pressure on anglos to give power to elected assembly to grant them the power to make laws
  • ## British deny this and leads to armed rebellion by 1867
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34
Q

1841 - upper Canada and lower Canada are fused back together through an act of union

A
  • creates a province of Canada
  • Durham recommended they have a responsible government in response to the patriots
  • assumed people would assimilate on their own
  • wanted the new colony to not have majority rule but anglo protestant minority rules over it
  • split it politically into two sections
  • both quebec and Ontario would have equal numbers of seats
  • equal political power was given
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35
Q

French Canadians and English Canadians get democracy by 1840s

A
  • get responsible government
  • if you win an election you have the authority to make law
  • the area becomes democratic. for land owning males
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36
Q

1849 - women lose right to vote

A
  • public sphere for men
  • private for woman
  • gendering of society
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37
Q

importance of continental and free trade

A
  • The entire existence of quebec when entered Laurentian lowlands up until the 1840s - economically tied to a European empire
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38
Q

1846 - Anti Corn Law League

A
  • tariffs on corn and grain but Canada is exempt
  • 1846 - gets corn laws repealed
  • now Canada is not in a mercantile system, no preferential access, in free trade
  • 1849 - Anglo demand to be annexed by the united states and seek acess to American versus europen market
  • North American trade versus European (continental shit)
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39
Q

start of industrialization around 1846 (start of Lachine canal, land frees up)

A

Montreal chooses to industrialize int he 19th century
- after fur trade, rich investors from capital accumulation from banking
- becomes capital when it is used correctly
- building of Lachine Canal
- abolishment of the Seigneural system, leads to selling of plots of land
- large landless populations developing, people have to work for wages (something u must do for rest of ur life, no independence, cost of labour is collapsed)
- all elements necessary to industrialize

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40
Q

two most important events of 1846?

A
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41
Q

Economic boom 1830s-1850s

A

Move to free trade matters less and the period in 80’s is the great boom - the quickest and largest expansion
Economic pious gets bigger - so rapidly that no one is concerned about it

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42
Q

Confederation outcomes

A

(1867 - the province of Canada, Nova Scotia, news Brunswick)
1. Intercolonial railway - from halifax to the province of Canada
2. annexation of Rupert land. Great Britain and Canada think it should be annexed
3. New colony or confederation that would connect 4 maritime provinces
4. Create a federation in Canada - a colony in southern Ontario and quebec

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43
Q

Why did the Union and confederation fail?

A

System didn’t function - always gridlock because of equal representation in parliament

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44
Q

1867 - Idea of two confederations - the distinction between French and English Canada

A
  • end of the union of Upper vs Lower Canada, replaced with the provincial state called quebec
  • shift from imperial to continental
  • 1860s onwards, relationship with the US starts to become more important
  • Now province of quebec
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45
Q

When did working class emerge?

A
  • 1880s, Creation of a working class
  • wage labour always existed but was a life sentence for people now
  • Previously goal had been no dependence on wages
  • Now was a life sentence
  • working-class culture develops - women had to work and participate in the public sphere
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46
Q

Montreal becomes important in Quebec?

A
  • Montreal was rapidly expanding working-class city because of industrialization
  • Undisputed Metropol
  • politics still in Quebec city
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47
Q

Tavern

A
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48
Q

Unionization becomes more common late 1860s and 1880s

A

Pope declares problem deals with the working class and clergy needs to make sure workers aren’t being brought into socialist and Marxist unions which are atheist
- form national unions under supervision of clergy

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49
Q

Great depressions 1870s

A
  • damaged labour movement a lot
  • Most of unions collapse - hard to organize when no work
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50
Q

Knights of labour and Internationals (1880’s)

A
  • try to organize along industrial rather than craft lines
  • try to organize everyone ( both English and french assemblies)
    -Form national unions under the supervision and authority of the clergy
  • The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
    -create united front between producers and non producers
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51
Q

Radial inequality of wealth at end of 19th century - question of property?

A
  • State needs to improve people’s lives or will invite a socialist revolution
  • Communist revolution was seen to be probable in Montreal
  • Progressive areas - idea of using powers of state to improve peoples lives
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52
Q

Municipal progressive area

A

Largely municipality based not the federal or provincial government

Mainly water system
Public health - Pasturization for milk supply

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53
Q

Late 1890s massive economic expansion

A
  • main thing coming out of this change
  • technological innovations
  • development of refrigerated ships
  • huge demand for cheddar
  • switch to dairy (a massive part of Quebec’s economy)
  • throughout Canada and the industrialized world - the ability for society to start enacting change
  • invention of high tension wire
  • Greater hydro and dam potential
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54
Q

Public Parks

A
  • idea to combat sickness
  • ## need clean air for the working class to be healthy
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55
Q

“The labour question” - what do we do to regulate working-class lifestyles and workplaces?

A
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56
Q

Land capacity in Quebec is reached

A
  • The land is expelling people - people can’t live on land despite the development of the dairy industry
  • Laurentian lowlands are at their limits
    Must leave to support themselves
    Go to US and Montreal
  • 1/4th was living in New England - build communities or little Canadas where there are french churches - causes concern in politics which are dominated by clerical nationalist elite
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57
Q

colonization projects in industrialization

A
  • Redirect immigration away from US and Montreal and direct them onto the land
  • Colonization projects were failures
  • 1920s dies off
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58
Q

The decline of anglophone community

A

Decline of anglophone community in 1920s
Anglophone quebec expells population - go west to other areas or united states

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59
Q

Immigration in early 19th century

A
  • Start of immigration to quebec are coming from jewish and italian communities - people come back from italy
  • Sojourner Immigrrration - they work for short periods and then comeback
  • New england is prime destination for french canadians and allows them to return home because of railway
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60
Q

Quebec in the 1914’s

A
  • ## familiar quebec (automobiles, cinemas for movies.)
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61
Q

The Great War

A
  • Great war is important because - Quebec and Canada had a ambiguous foriegn policy - called a dominion rather than a colony
    Self governing
  • Becomes a question of is canada a colony
  • Sudan crisis and Boar war - Canada began by sayig no
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62
Q

Conscription

A
  • Henri bourassa dosen’t think they owe them anything
  • Massive opposition to conscription
  • Government under Borden - want a pro conscription majority
  • Borden finds a way to get majority by giving vote to women (nurses) second phase wives and widows at the front (VERY PRO CONSCRIPTION)
  • Men not fighting were physically attacked
  • Establishes solid pro-conscription bloc
  • Split liberal party under Wilfred Laurier
  • anti-conscription party
  • Liberals outside of quebec join the union government and conservative party, Quebec is isolated in the 1930 election
  • Pro-conscription majority 1918 - soldiers get sent to the front, war ends before most served - Culminated in easter 1918 - Toronto troops fire on anti-conscription protest in quebec city
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63
Q

Suffragists movement

A
  • tons of organizations pressuring quebec government
  • Women right to vote in 1940 - massive pressure
  • Leads to liberal party putting right to vote to women in 1939 platform and go through with it once they win
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64
Q

Spanish Influenza

A
  • 14 thousands people die - massive casualities
  • Provincial and federal aren’t doing much
  • they do set up a board of health through the province, however, mostly municipal government
  • Cholera pandemics
    Try to coordinate municipal reaction to the pandemic
    Indigenous remote communities are most affected - no access to medical services
  • Urban working class in poor housing conditions
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65
Q

1920s things start to improve in QUebec

A
  • Another economic boom - stock market speculation that culminates in biggest capitalist crisis
  • France and Britain pay back war debt
    1920s good year - something is clearly wrong
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66
Q

Great depression

A
  • Worst place hit in Canada
  • Goes to 25 percent in terms of unemployment
  • liberal capitalism has failed - more progressive places bounce back faster under Roosevelt
  • Fascist movement and communist movement in response point to liberal capitalism failings
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67
Q

Mackenzie King liberalism (Liberal Intereggnum)

A
  • 1939 - snap election is called - gets outmaneuvered by Mackenzie king - would have conscription but no soldier to fight outside of Canada
  • Fulfilled demands of quebec
  • Duplessis runs a bad campaign in 1939 and lost elections to liberals
  • Liberals are the first provincial progressive party - use state to make change
  • Restore the right to vote as women fight for it
  • Create hydro quebec in 1943 by nationalizing a herbert Cobol monopoly of electricity
  • First mandatory schooling system in quebec
  • Quebec was behind in mandatory social service
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68
Q

Duplessis

A

-1944 - Duplessis comes back into power
Expended most power in the war - stays PM until 1954 - Period referred to as The Great darkness
- main thing was catholic and residential school system creation
- different because controlled by church, based on creating catholic rather than assimilation

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69
Q

Post war period in Quebec

A
  • 1960 seen as turning point
  • Massive demographic changes - Baby boom
  • Quebec reached limits to population growth
  • English Canada society catches up - similar demographic growth rates
    French Canadian Exceptionalism of birth rate ends in post-war period
    -
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70
Q

Modernization of Montreal in 1960s

A
  • First sky scraper
  • Result of St LAwrence seaway - removal of water front of poor communities in western quebec and Ontario
  • increased volume but changed Montreal’s importance as a key port
  • Montreal’s upperclass support project cuz lachine canal can’t handle construction
  • Too many people live in the area, can’t expand, cant handle big container ships
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71
Q

Immigration after victory of Lassage

A
  • 1960s - the victory of lasage
  • See massive changes in immigration
  • Main group of immigrants mostly from southern Europe
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72
Q

Quebec model of development Quebecois idea of needing to catch up - take over the province with more control

A
  • Lasage comes into power in 1960
    Main ideologies - french canadians should be masters in their own house
  • Large idea is quebec model of economic development
  • Overcome being ‘behind’
  • Creation of hydro quebec
  • secularization of education
  • 1960s take over the power grid Nationalize electricity gid
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73
Q

Quiet revolution from below

A
  • labour, feminist movements
  • Divorce and contraception legalized – - Divorce is twice that of canadian average
  • ## Should the French language be improved?
74
Q

Radicalism of Revolution groups

A
  • Radicalism coming from universities
  • October crisis when FLQ kidnapp and murder 2
  • Montreal under martial law
  • Completely discredit violent revolutionary approach to creating independent Quebec
75
Q

Sovereignty question

A
  • ## Growing in 1960s and 70s
76
Q

State expansion north 1960s

A
  • start recevoir plant in north - completed by 1960s
  • Very expensive - 1970s - james bay hydro electric project
  • Growth of indigenous population and growth of resistance in the north
  • Against state just doing waht it wants
  • Resistance to james bay project
77
Q

Indigenous communities come back into the public sphere?

A

-The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) was reached in 1975. This is arguably the first modern land claims agreement in Canadian history and is often considered one of the most successful agreements for Indigenous peoples in terms of monetary compensation.
Against state just doing waht it wants
Resistance to james bay project
- Agreement is signed between quebec and cree nation
- Indigenous people start to come back into public sphere
- Compensation controlled by the cree

78
Q

1970s immigration in Quebec

A
  • the race is allegedly no longer a factor in immigration
  • Haitian immigrants come into public sphere - most of Quebec’s history - Frenchness and francophone is tied to an ethnic group
  • Now ethnic framework is changing
    (mainly haitians)
  • Fight against racist practices in taxi industry
79
Q

Oka crisis

A
  • the culmination of the process - back into the public sphere
  • from news confronted with the treatment of indigenous people
  • A most visceral moment of that
  • People were confronted with the treatment of indigenous people
  • Cant relegate them to invisibility
    Momentous changes
80
Q

Important bodies of water to know

A
  1. Upper st lawrence
  2. Saguenay - drains Lac-Saint Jean into St Lauren River
  3. St maurice ( north-south in central quebec to empty into the Saint Lawrence river at trois riviere)
  4. Ottawa (The Ottawa River is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is named after the Algonquin word ‘to trade’, as it was the major trade route of Eastern Canada at the time.)
  5. Lower st.Lawrence ( St. Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque, Brockville, Morristown, Ogdensburg, Massena, Cornwall, Montreal, Trois-Rivières, and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, one of the largest estuaries in the world.)
81
Q

What groups made up the Wendac and Haudenosaunee confederacies?

A
  1. Iroquoian people -
  2. St Lawrence inquorian
  3. Huron group
  4. Neutral group
  5. Eric group
  6. Iroquois group
82
Q

Cartier’s first encounter?

A
  • South into Florida
  • Finds cod in Newfoundland - needed a stable form of protein in Europe (cheap)
  • First europeans to set foot in Newfoundland
  • Contact with Mi’kmaq nation
    Cartier meets with the chief of Stadacona “Donnacana”
  • takes part in gift-giving ceremony
    Cartier gets beaver fur and claims the land as the king of Frances
  • Donnacana and sons are detained by Cartier who he used for exhibitions n future
  • Donnacana tells Cartier around the riches of the north
  • Mostly expeditions failed during this period - french don’t come back for 60 years
83
Q

1604-1607 - Samuel de champlain first encounter

A
  • was an experienced cartographer
  • set up a fortified training post where Stadacona once was but had disappeared
  • laurentians and iroquians had disappeared on their return
  • Inu and algonquin communities needed the french to help them with the war against teh Haudeshawnee and desired a strong trade relationship as well
  • Agreed to an allied attack against the mohawk
  • French fires musket - which they have no protection against
  • Champlains participation in battle is crucial for 2 reasons
  • In north America in doing so - europeans were drawn into north American wars
84
Q

What did the dutch arms race accomplish?

A
  • Iroquois were captivated what they could with European weaponry
  • Dutch newly liberated from spain set up a trading post - Albany post
  • Matchlock musket, Didnt work in wet weather
  • By 1640s, Haudeshawnee confederacy was by far superior - the best armed military power in the region
  • Made new modifications for the weapons given to them, wanted smaller muskets for their form of warfare
  • Different colonials did everything to give their forces the latest weaponry
85
Q

In the 1620’s what did the beaver trade accomplish?

A

Would bring fur to indigenous trading posts and integrated them into the Atlantic economic system - connected European/native worlds

86
Q

What was important about the creation of the birchbark canoe?

A
  • Canoe get through tight and tough terrain than European canoe
  • Carries more people - efficiently, and quickly, making fur trade possible
87
Q

How do the Wendac suffer from Small pox?

A
  • Indigenous have no protection against smallpox
  • 60% of Wendac confederation are killed
  • Loss of knowledge as elderly are killed off, and loss of leadership
    Blamed jesuits in their midst for the diseases
  • Jesuits think its punishment from god
    Sometimes thought jesuits could heal them
  • Huge number of prisoners were required to replace the dead
88
Q

WHy was Montreal important to 16ht, 17th century trade?

A
  • development of montreal as a gateway to the interior
  • Montreal has a river system
  • King of france wants to turn overseas dominions into a singular entity
89
Q

Gallicanism vs Ultramontanism?

A
  • Do orders come from the pope or the king?
  • King is the one you take orders from which is opposed by ultramontanism
  • Clergy is forced to accept orders from king
  • Puts colonies under direct crown control
  • Louis 14th - his administration more so was involved
  • King Louis XIV and his chief minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert gave New France a government similar to that of a French province.
90
Q

Jean baptist Colbert (1619-1683)

A
  • Dealt with a lot of the efforts
  • Wanted to rebuild navy - 98 ships were created
  • Singular purpose of funding military - fiscal millitary state
  • Stronger commercial base - more tax and money comes in
  • ## Creates state bureaucracy to manage colonies
91
Q

pre-industrial quebec society factors

A
  • Can’t produce things
  • Couldnt regulate smuggling
  • Not trying to develop themselves
  • Base unit of society was patriarchal family, base of social relations and legal system
  • Family is a mini monarchy, Father of the kingdom Transposed to the family
  • Male is considered king of the household and Source of strength
  • Marriage was crucially important for political purpose and peasants and lower classes (men bring land and woman bring dowries)
92
Q

Seigneurial system ?

A
  • Seigneurial system - vast majority of people were engaged to agriculture
    Seigner - lord who is granted land by the crown
  • Responsible for leasing the land
    Required to grant a sizable piece of land
  • Put people on the land
  • Contract specifies where parcel is and what is required
  • Cant be kicked off land if ur paying rent
  • Horses or ox plow the land
  • River which freezes in winter requires construction or roads and trails
  • Cost of labour was high - hard to hire help
  • Family was your labor force - incentive to have children
  • Peas, oats, and barley were also grown
  • no surplus, dependent on wages
93
Q

Les Filles du Roi

A
  • Orphan girls are sent from orphanages to new France to boost the population
  • over-mythologized that this work resulted in a population boost
  • doesn’t result in the population reaching over 60,000 as other formsof immigration contributed
94
Q

Why do the Haudenosaunee make peace with France in the Great Peace of Montreal treaty? (1701)

A
  • They realize they can’t win militarily
  • as a result, obtain french goods at a lower cost and trade freely
  • French also can benefit because it cuts off the mainland invasion route
  • French are allowed to have a settlement at Detroit
  • Detroit, the largest city in the state of Michigan, was settled in 1701 by French colonists. It is the first European settlement above tidewater in North America. Founded as a New France fur trading post
95
Q

Why was the Wendac confederacy displaying Christianity in exchange for French protection?

A

In 1650 and 1673 - they were dispersed and established themselves around Quebec City to gain protection from New France
- The confederacy takes in more Jesuits
- They have to display Christianity to maintain their status as privileged French allies (however they maintain independent rituals and autonomy of leaders in small communities)
- Indigenous people overlapped in towns and spaces

96
Q

Quebec vs Montreal late 17th century

A
  • Quebec faces the Atlantic and acts as an administrative center
  • ## Montreal faces a continental interior
97
Q

Jean Talon (1626-1694)

A
  • Jean talon contributed to population of New France settlement (retired soldiers)
  • Oversaw less Filles du Roi
  • Was first intendant of New France
  • wanted to support wheat production with creation of flax to diversify the economy
98
Q

Why did shipyards not work 1740-1750?

A
  • Royal shipyards are produced but need Enormous amount of wood
  • Didn’t rlly work - high cost of labor
  • Strong currents make it difficult
99
Q

Slavery in Quebec?

A
  • Indentured servitude - under the dominion of a master
    Always for a specific amount of time
  • Fur trade functions under systems of servitude
  • Under condition for specific amount of time
  • Children don’t become indentured servant
  • Not technically slavery
  • Demanded gifted captives stay in North America, Custom and rules for this form of slavery
  • Labour intensive props - high value of consumer goods
  • Seen as status symbol to not have to do work
    Constant labour shortage
100
Q

7-year war in Europe between France and Britain

A
  • Frontier conflict expands and 7 years of war starts in Europe
  • Austrians and french are allies
  • Britain settles on a colonial strategy
  • Giving money to the prussians
  • Drove british out of the ohio valley
  • 1755 british round up and expel acadian population
  • British expel entire populations
  • Some end up in new france or other colonies
  • Spain was neutral
  • Indigenous nations saw alliance with french as a means to an end - expendable
  • British seize quebec and Montreal
101
Q

What was the outcome of the 7 year war?

A
  • The goal of diplomacy was to balance power
  • No ally should be more substantially powerful then others
  • Ensuring a balance of power
  • Diplomats negotiated compensation
  • 1763 - french keep two islands off Newfoundland
  • Get rid of all their colonies
  • Sugar was a driver for commercial expansion
  • A final treaty in 1763
  • France also has sugar plantation in the caribbean
    Got rid of expensive and pointless colony
102
Q

Why was French Canada so economically behind the English?

A
  • French Canadians become subsistence peasants
  • For most french Canadians life didn’t change much after…. 63
  • Nationalism hadn’t really developed yet
  • As long as french Canadians could speak and practice their religion they didn’t mind the king
  • Had decently developed economy, Suffered from lack of a strong trade sale, Fur trading didn’t continue, State and military with key actors
103
Q

What was outcome of British empire inheriting new france as a colony?

A
  • Britain had massive debt after war
  • Ruled over 70,000 colonists
  • The policed catholic french population was impossible
  • British wanted to turn new france into a british colony
    1763 - royal proclamation
  • Instituted law that banned catholics from holding public office
  • Goal to converse french catholics to not speak french
    Switch from civil to common law
  • Angered landholders
  • Royal proclamation banned colonial expansion west
    English-speaking colonies - no one is supposed to go west of this line
  • ## British settle in towns while the french remained in the countryside
104
Q

Treaty of Paris (1783)

A
  • ended American revolutionary war
  • americans had invaded quebec
  • British decide not to go with the americans
  • State of the art navy - defeat of british
  • France provides gun powder for americans to use
  • Americans want to persuade France to join their side of the revolution of the 13 colonies and revolt against british rule
105
Q

Outcomes of Treaty of Paris?

A
  • ## defined the U.S border, Great Britain granting the Northwest territory to the United States
106
Q

The quebec act 1774

A

granting emancipation for the Catholic, French-speaking settlers of the province.
- reinstated french civil law

107
Q

Voyageur

A

Mythologized
- Backbone of fur trade network
- Transporting furs to european outposts
- Fur trade enters the Rockies
- Voyageur worked in indigenous land
- Close relations supplied conduits for more than relationships
- Freedom was culturally distinct from metis societies
- Masculinity was central to identity - rather than family life
Based on drinking, gambling, and risks

108
Q

Why was the seigneur system bad for land scarcity

A
  • French regime allowed seigneurs to live comfortable lives
  • They start to raise rent due to land scarcity
  • Seigneur system - don’t evict someone who wants to pay rent
  • Eventually, succeed
  • Start running out of land
  • Southern Ontario is the only place to get land
  • Contributed to the growing landless population
109
Q

Hudson Bay fur conflict

A
  • British have monopoly over drainage basin
  • Tendency towards mergers
  • 9 parterniships merge to make montreal company
  • Competition hurts both parties
  • Trade becomes unprofitable
  • 1812-1821 - have armed conflict called pennican wars conflict during the North American fur trade between the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company in the years following the establishment of the Red River Colony in 1812 by Lord Selkirk.
  • Laurentian fur trade is over
110
Q

Lumber industry

A
  • Lower Canada had a lot of lumber
  • brings in capital for lumber production
  • Middle class traditions start to develop around seasonal migration of lumberjacks
  • Lumber industry - easily 80% came from canadas lumber
  • Lumber was labour intensive
  • Only when lumber trade appears there is incentive for settlement and economic diversification
  • Best years around 40 ships launched
  • Lower Canada is third most important naval center in the world, ships directly to england with special tariffs
111
Q

The durham report

A
  • Durham is sent to British North America to investigate the causes of rebellions in 1837-38 in the colonies of upper and lower
  • believed lower and upper Canada should be fused together and this was a national problem
  • this would help to avoid majority rule and corruption under one power
  • led to major reforms and democratic advances
  • ## two canadas were merged into a single colony, the Province of Canada in the 1840s
112
Q

What does union mean?

A
  • Lower Canada stops being a lower state
  • Becomes a section of single colony
  • Province of united canada
  • Single legislative assembly and counsel, appoints a executive counsel
  • Lord durhams legislation was not accepted
  • All power remains with the elite to Ensure english control over the government
  • Best way to ensure assimilation of french canadians
113
Q

Violence and Public Disorder in Lower Canada

A

Local militia and police
- once places like Montreal receive charters an issue of violence starts to emerge

114
Q

What rules were in place for the election of the 1840s?

A
  • Could vote if u rented property - 5 pounds 11 shillings
  • Very low property qualification
    1 fourth and 1 eight
  • Woman had right to vote in elections
  • Authorities could deny ballot to everyone
  • Husband represents the entire family
  • Officials considered wives lack autonomy
    Women had to have enough property to vote - central to claim to the right to vote
115
Q

Rebellion losses bills

A
  • The bill was enacted to compensate Lower Canadians who lost property during the Rebellions of 1837 with measures similar to those providing compensation in Upper Canada.
116
Q

Rebellion of 1837

A
  • There were two outbursts of violence, the first in November 1837, in a series of skirmishes and battles between Patriote rebels and trained British regulars as well as Anglophone volunteers. The defeat of the disorganized rebels was followed by widespread Anglophone looting and burning of French Canadian settlements.
  • tories were run by reformists who passed bills and caused anglo protestant riots
  • caused capital to shift to Ottawa
117
Q

Louis Joseph Papineau

A
  • Leader of the Petite-Nation
  • reformist Patriot movement leader
118
Q

Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine

A

Sir Louis-Hippolyte Ménard dit La Fontaine, 1st Baronet, KCMG was a Canadian politician who served as the first Premier of the United Province of Canada and the first head of a responsible government in Canada.
- during rebellion was premier, had his house burned down

119
Q

Louis Riel (1844-1885)

A
  • from red river settlement populated mainly by Metis
  • anglophone protestants intensified tension in the region
  • Metis resisted takeover of homeland in Red River rebellion
  • negotiate metis rights with Ottawa to allow Manitoba to join the confederation as province of Manitoba
  • Sir john a Macdonald sent troops to establish control over the province
  • Riel fled to live in Exile
  • Riel advocated guarantees for Metis land, language, and political rights.
  • gets amnesty in return for exile of 5 years
  • allegedly executed thomas scott
120
Q

Liberal conservatism in 1840’s and 1850’s

A
  • lots of tories
  • support church, monarchy, and hierarchy
  • equality for property owning men
  • not much representation between liberal and conservatives
121
Q

Liberal elections 1896

A

ended 18 years of Tory rule
- Wilfrid Laurier comes into power
- wins aginst Charles Tupper
- election based on free trade
- believed that church land could be taken - look to use property that’s not being utilized

122
Q

Socialism influenced by french revolution

A
  • Different versions of socialism
  • Until very late 19th century marxism was not the most important
  • Society needs to move away from capitalism
  • Socialism was rooted in quebec
  • In early 20th century a communist revolution in canada seemed inevitable
  • Gravitate towards progressivism
  • Used military power of the state to alleviate poverty and improve society - state intervention
  • Best way to fight socialism is to do something to help society
  • Create regulations to improve living conditions
    In quebec progressive reforms were led by municipalities
123
Q

What type of food production grew in 1860s?

A
  • Develop a new type of wheat
  • Grow wheat properly - rise of settler colonialism - Canada becomes largest wheat production
    Prairies are growing rapidly
    -Type of wheat is not suitable for the west
124
Q

What problems were caused by poverty?

A

If you are poor and suffering - it is because you are a sinner and god is punishing you
- So no one wants to go there
- Only true poor would go there - is the logic
- Women labour is always question of morals - not concerned about conditions for woman

125
Q

The problem of the working-class?

A
  • Clergy in quebec worried about domination of unions
  • Unions advocated for communism or socialism, want to Christianize the working class to break links between workers and internationals
  • Abandon unions for quebec based unions
  • Elite believe working-class thing is a passing fad
  • 1880s ask questions for how to deal with this
  • Urban poverty harder to deal with for reformers
  • main issue is that salaries were way to low
126
Q

Engagement with Alcohol?

A
  • the scott act (or canada temperance act), parliament act passed in 1878 which provided a national framework for municipalities to opt into prohibition.
  • Scott act is passed - national referendum
  • Quebec only gets 18%
  • Quebec was against banning alcohol tho - routinely refused prohibition
  • Started to ban hard liquor during the war
  • Still refused full prohibition
  • Idea that poverty is caused by alcoholism
    Some improvements in public health were made
127
Q

The question of dominion or colony?

A
  • Canda government acts likes a dominion
  • Imposes tariffs on german goods
  • leads into discussing of supporting england in the war
128
Q

The Great War

A
  • caused Laurier to lose the 1911 elections as he wanted a Canadian Navy, but couldn’t appease both English and french
  • French canada was opposed to conscription and canadian participation in british imperialism
  • Military was anglophone institution
  • Training was done in english - all in same unit
  • Started francophone units (the vandoos)
  • But war remained unpopular so try to argue that they fight for france as well
  • was a way for Montreal bourgeoisie to prove themselves
129
Q

suffragism in mid 19th century

A
  • woman lost the vote in quebec
  • Suffragist movement
  • National council of woman
  • Montreal local council woman
  • Parker (drummond) secular organization
  • woman start their own catholic federation
  • Military votes act - for nurses to vote - war time elections act - 1918 womans franchise act (1918 at federal level all woman can vote)
  • In quebec didn’t want to give woman the vote - clerical national elite didn’t want woman to be emancipated - would ruin faith - wanted them to only have kids and raise them catholics
130
Q

Marie Gerin - Lajoie

A
  • Marie Gérin-Lajoie, feminist, pioneer social worker, founder of the Institut Notre-Dame du Bon-Conseil
  • After getting right to vote - becomes head of democratic party in quebec - first woman in canada to head a party in 1940s
    -Gérin-Lajoie is the daughter of Marie Gérin-Lajoie (née Lacoste), a pioneer of the women’s rights movement in Québec
  • Pressure on politicians to get liberal party to put womens suffrage on their platform
    Liberals fulfilled their promise
    Right to vote was restored in quebec
131
Q

The Spanish Influenza

A
  • Influenza/pandemic starts to spread
  • Starts to be reported in spain
  • Spreads very fast
  • Canada had a high mortality rate
  • Military was responsible for spread as
  • Overcrowded army camps soldiers returning to front were main source of infection
  • Quebec gets hit in waves
  • 14,000 people were killed by the influenza
    sept -jan 1918
  • Quebec and canada had rudimentary public health infrastructure
  • Health departments coordinate work of physicians
  • Makeshift hospitals and orphanages
  • Massive shortage of nurses and doctors
  • Municipalities try to stop the spread - shut down parlours - municipalities
132
Q

1940s-1950s - The Great darkness

A
133
Q

1960 - Quiet Revolution

A
  • 1960 - victory of liberals
  • Quiet revolution generation believed in the before and after -
  • As much continuity as there is rupture
  • Post-war boom - baby boom
  • High birth rate - the declining death rate
  • 5 million - 250,000
  • Infant mortality rate - worse in the world - most unfazed city
  • 120,000 births - pasteurization
    New development of vaccines
  • Quebec reached a limit on family capacity
  • By 1950s birth rate is roughly equal, about equal to other industrialized societies
134
Q

The Postwar Boom

A
  • Boom that started war continues into the 1970s
  • 30 glorioous years
  • Wages rose fast - can borrow with little cost
  • Professionals benefit from the new clientel
    Capitalism was dope
  • Interests rates were very low - makes sense to borrow
  • House in suburbia - with several cars and consumer products
  • Consumer society built on debt
  • Stops in the 1970’s
  • Fuels purchase of automobiles - rise of the private automobile
  • Car ownership rose significantly to 1 million
  • Began to redesign cities with cars in mind - urban planning was interested in the most efficient means
  • Montreal had a huge problem with congestion - city squeezed between st Laurence and the mountain
135
Q

New roadworks/transportation in mid 19th century?

A
  • Expansion to the road network
  • Solve the problem - build dorchester boulevard
  • Built between 1954-1955
  • The biggest building in the british empire
  • State secret - british moved all gold reserves to montreal
  • The new boulevard split the city into two - decline of the old downtown port
  • Golden square mile - starts to decline and people move to westmount and toronto
  • Was designed to make central business
  • Tramway network
  • Passenger railway company i 1861 - pulled by horses
  • Tramway in quebec city
  • All major cities in quebec had tram networks
  • Automobile comes to be seen as a relic of the past
  • Automotive groups hate tram systems - want to get rid of them
  • Change to busses
  • Last tram in 1959 - public utility company - the montreal transit transition
136
Q

Continentalization

A

During post war - comes intergrated into the economy
American capital floods into the province
Although canada becomes firmly integrated
In post war era becomes increasingly wallstreet
Mining control lept to 61%
By 1960 - vault industry is controlled by foreigners
Branch plant
Create a new company
1970s-1980s - branch plants
In short term - still a success story
Created a lot of jobs in quebec and investment
Canadian capitalists were not doing it
People were concerned about american control of the economy

137
Q

St Lawrence Sea way project

A

Allowed large ships to reach the great lakes - combination of river…grand project
3 step project
To take control of the great lakes shipping trade
Improved the lower st lawrence and built the lachine canal
As well as series of canals to improve the system (welling canal)
Make it a single system that centers around montreal
Starts to show it’s age
Want to make a new canal system
Improved ocean going ships
Immense pressure from ontario
To access hydro power from ontario
Around canal basin

138
Q

Changing demographics after the depression?

A

Great depression saw reduction of immigration - more homogeneous more quebecois
After war - more immigrants settle in montreal - most from southern europe (jewish italian, ressetle survivors of the holocaust) (jewish diasporah)
English is language of status and power - way to integrate themselves
Haitians - establish political and cultural ties
- 1960’s and 1970’s for political and economic reasons - immigrants faced racism and employment discrimination
- Changing demographic makeup

139
Q

Maurice Duplessis

A

anti-unionist, anti-communist, conservative leader of the Union Nationale
- Modern and liberal ideas were suppressed in favour of social conservatism, supported by the Church and Maurice Duplessis’ Union nationale political party. The Duplessis regime was considered regressive and corrupted in terms of governance and development.
- against state involvement in economy
- blocked federal spending, but paid his. own civil servants well to rewards supporters and gave jobs to allies and friends
- formed residential school system run by the Christian oblate’s
- didn’t think quebec had an obligation to provide schooling
- comes back into power in 1944 with old school liberalism

140
Q

Quebec in the 1960’s

A

Culmination of long term shifts -
Quebec was rapidly modernizing
New french canadian middle class
Shift to dominated by services rather than industry
- brief period where government intervenes in the state
Government becomes example og government intervention in the economy
Adopt policies to create a wellfare state
2. Modernize quebecs economy
Plant more modern sectors
Increase hydroelectric capacity
Government improved schooling and conditions
Quebecois shift from french canadians (quebecois civic, french canadian outside of quebec)
Gets votes by giving friends civil service jobs
Creation of crown operations - increase presence of french Canadians
Limited to Montreal area
Nationalized power
Electricity trust is a monopoly?
Huge corporation - employed french specialitst
Change in langugae of economic sector
Became a state within a state
National espectos society is created
Fireproof - good insulation
Idea behind the case - nationalized auto insurance program
Create capital that would replace british capital
Largely worked - became largest investor - stazte becomes an entrepreneur

141
Q

Jean Lesage

A

Liberal government leader elected in 1960 for start of quiet revolution
- brief period where government intervenes in the state
Government becomes example og government intervention in the economy
Adopt policies to create a wellfare state
2. Modernize quebecs economy
Plant more modern sectors
Increase hydroelectric capacity
Government improved schooling and conditions
Quebecois shift from french canadians (quebecois civic, french canadian outside of quebec)
Creation of crown operations - increase the presence of french Canadians
Limited to Montreal area
Change in langugae of economic sector
Became a state within a state
Idea behind the case - nationalized auto insurance program
Create capital that would replace british capital
Largely worked - became largest investor - stazte becomes an entrepreneur

142
Q

quiet revolution causes

A

French felt marginalized in their own province
Anglophones earned more than french
Ghettorized lower-wage sectors
Workplaces banned french - working class is coded as french, capital is coded as anglophone
Quiet revolution blamed two things - clerical nationalists and bourgeoisie
Mytholigize Richard as a hero
And Duplessis as villains

143
Q

Growth of the Welfare State 1960s-1970s

A

Intervened in the agricultural center
Well fare stat grows larger
Administered by the provinces
1971 - insurance program was expanded
96 percent of the population - socialist system if overhauled - can count on government subsidies
Main priority - overcome quebecs inferiority
Creatio of educated middle class elite - best way to achieve economic superiority
1963 - looks into replacing church dominated education system
1943 - mandatory schooling - miss of protestant and catholic bishops chose committee
Government succeeded in creating the ministry of education
CGEP system in 1967
Designed to provide inexpensive educTAion to french canadians
Create universities in regions with growing population - low cost education universities
Sir george williams and loyola college
Expanded system was secularized
University received the new charter
Laval - renamed - used to be in Latin QUarter
Arch Bishop is the chancellor
Usage of heritage buildings (for example integrating into secular buildings)

144
Q

1964 New Labour code

A
  • Sector workers have the right to strike
145
Q

Women’s gains in 1960s-1990s

A

Women take on more active societal role
Women belonging to public sphere breaks down
New generation of woman break down this perception
Feminists wants contraception and abortion
1997 - risen to 90% of woman
Family changes - became lowest of indusrialized world (size)
Divorce 1968 - divorce doubled Canadian average

146
Q

Growth of radicalism leftism

A

Quebec radicals heavily influenced by post colonial thought
Drew comparisons to decolonization movements and civil rights movements
Saw themselves in anglo empire
See themselves in the cuban revolution
Model that radicaled groups were looking at
Canadian and quebec governments
Huge scandal for allying with Fronte de Liberation Quebecois to train with PLO - rebel forces
Boom against anglo American empite
October crisis = kidnapping of pm and James cross. war measures act invoked in 1970 - to give police the power to arrest and detain any potential FLQ members.
- government suspends civil rights in quebec arrest
- Required inquiry into scandl - kidpanning appropriate to suspend civil rights
Double kidnapping led to robbing of cvil rights
State starts to move northward

147
Q

interaction with indigenous communities in the 19th century?

A

1912-1960s - government had responsibility to draw treaties with indigenous people
Create provincial reserves and allow indigenous people to govern themselves
Company wants logging rights
By 1960’s wanted to turn them into quebecois citizens
Rejected from public sphere
Giant project in the north = create jobs but colonize the areas
No consultation of indigenous people
Half of the population is directly affected by the project
Through the association de quebec
Force their way back into the public sphere
Respect unceded indigenous land
Signed the fur treaty special privileges
Cree received 107 million dollars as compensation
Controlled by cree council
Change because now indigenous arent being treated as wards of state and can handle their own compensation funds
Pushing back into political sphere
1970s - indigenous becoming actors of society and politics
Succeeded in asserting themselves

148
Q

Quebec sovereignty

A
  • Before 1960s no one talked about quebec sovereignty
  • Quebec has exclusive control over important fields of action
  • Trudeau believed french and english are equal and that canada should be a bilingual nation
  • Growing french canadian highly educated middle class
  • Sovereignists parties RIN - rally for international independence
  • 1968 -transformed into party du Quebecois
149
Q

Partie Quebecois

A

1976 - partie quebecois win
Had campaigned on sovereignty and independence
Promised a referendum for sovereignty
Most lasting legacy
Accelerated anglophones out of quebec - made it overwhelmingly french canadian
1980 - referendum
Referendum not about independence
No side won in referendum

150
Q

Robert Bourassa

A

Robert Bourassa GOQ was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd premier of Quebec from 1970 to 1976 and from 1985 to 1994. A member of the Liberal Party of Quebec, he served a total of just under 15 years as premier.

151
Q

1950-1960 montreals golden age - is this the decline?

A

By 1970s no questions hat toronto had overtaken montreal as canadas financial and commercial capital
Economically connected to a metropolis
In quebec - montreal was undisputed metropolis - outpaced other quebecois cities
In terms of population
Ontario - development is even
Provincial metropolis of toronto
Southern ontario
Seaway removes advantage of canal
Toronto had important and valuable hinterland - could slowly catch up to montreal
Hinterland - area economically dependent and connected to a part of a metropolis
Toronto’s more in the united states - as Britain is declining in importance - more favourable with investors
Industrial base was tied to railroads textiles, iron steel
Products of the industrial revolution
Toronto was close to the most important manufacturing sector in the 20th century
Toronto is next to windsor - has a massive market for cars
Largely a staple economy for parts
New high tech sector
Long term structural problems
Issue of agency - humans are not passive - montreal chose to industrialize whereas toronto did not
1960s-1970s - montreal could be anglophone metropolis of french metropolis of quebec

152
Q

Law 101

A

Introduced by Camille Laurin, Bill 101 made French the official language of the government of Quebec and Quebec society. Instruction in French became mandatory for immigrants. This was even the case for those from other Canadian provinces
- restricting access to English schools and prohibiting the use of English on commercial signs. Both became vulnerable after the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms took effect in 1982.
caused backlash from anglo - montreal was most effected by business language
1978 - quebec company sunlife relocated to toronto in backlash of changing the language
Wanted to transform anglo, rich, institution of mcgill - turn it into a french canadian university

153
Q

Was the quiet revolution a success?

A

Idea to allow quebec to catch up to socio economic rest of canada
Quebecois have one powerful institution of society
The government
In 1970s - most capitalist governments think wow this is working great
Inflation is rising too fast
Sign of trouble
Bank of montreal is largest bank in western hemisphere
Quiet revolution succeeded by allowing quebec to catch up to english canada

154
Q

ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 1970S

A

System crashes - economic crisis of 1970s was caused by the oil shock
Wants to increase oil production - want to protect the oil industry
Everything east of line uses imported oil - western quebecois oil
Price of oil was increasing quickly
Orthodoxy had no answer

155
Q

Aftermath of 1980 referendum

A

After 1980 referendum (first independence referendum in Quebec) - promises to redo federalism in the interest of national unity - trudeau revives old dream of repatriating the constitution
Law passed in london - in 1867
Any changes - constitution winds up - premiers meet up an hash a deal without quebec sent to london to get ratified
Constitution is made in canadian rather than british law
Quebec hasnt signed constitution
1985 - liberals come back to power (henri Bourassa) - propose 5 things to sign the constitution

156
Q

What do liberals propose to get Quebec to sign the institution?

A

propose 5 things to sign the constitution
1.Powers over immigration in the province
2. Promote francophone immigration
3. Pick their immigrants
4. To prioritize francophones
5. Limits to federal spending
6. Veto for constitutional changes
7. Quebec supreme court judges

157
Q

Newcomers and race-based immigration

A

Decline of anglophone community
Many preferred to leave
1971 -1986 - 2000 immigrated
Vast majority was from the british isles
Most came from europe
Portuguese italian greek communities
Newcomers came from asia, north africa, and the carribean
Remove raced based qualifications
Consider persons race in immigration
Increasing number of haitians to seek refuge
First gen was highly educated french elite
Catholic, french
Haitians realized dictatorship was permanent
Suffered racism - migrants could no longer apply for landed immigrant status
Threat of deportation
Massive campaign against deportations

158
Q

James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 1975

A
  • The James Bay and Northern Quebec - - Agreement is the basic Charter of Cree Rights. - - It is the first modern Indigenous land claim agreement and treaty in Canada, and it is protected by the Constitution of Canada.
159
Q

OKA

A
  • wants to expand golf course into OKA
  • A violent attack on barricade was fought off and killed
  • Into indigenous land, 78 day stand off
  • Block the messier bridge
  • Expansion of golf course is cancelled when Canadian government buys land - never returned to the Mohawk
  • More consultation in 21st century with the indigenous nation
  • The Oka Crisis played an important role in the creation of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
160
Q

Why did France see Canada as a way to establish empire?

A
  • France felt excluded from newly revealed regions
  • Saw france had right and special responsibility to colonize because of civilizing benefits
  • Brazillionies asked missinoraries to instruct them in christianity, were preented at court
    Showy way of decreeing they should evangelize new world
  • French and Portugese in competition to colonize
161
Q

Who was sent to start exploration?

A

Jacques cartier (1491-1557) sent to continue explorations
Attempt to make settlement on st lawrence in well populated region
First time missionaries were not included
Cartier captained fleet - of about 900 people - an exaggeration rpob
Moist of the colonists were prisoners or social outcast
Only cartier arrived in 1541
Established themselves with the iroquois
Cartiers second voyage (1535-6) was accompanied by more conflict and manpower loss for the french
Returned with iron thinking it was precious
Roberval also sucked at trying to establish a colony
French were shown how to cure scurvy with tree bark
- Made little effort ot understand amerindians
In return for food and help the natives expected them to fight in their wars
Mutiny within their groups
Jean irbault arrives to relieve him of his command
Faulty leadership could have been root of colonial problems
Lazy and unwilling to work lol - wanted treasure

162
Q

second attempt to colonize at maragnan (1612-1615)

A

only roman catholic missionaries were allowed into the colonies
Reflected catholic victory in civil wars
Since 1603had foothold in acadia
Said theyd provide protection if they recognized french king as monarch - and convert to christians
They agreed without knowing
They were eventually chased out
Tehy failed overall to secure subsistence base
Unprepared for climate
First developed in acadia and new france
Defeat of new france 1760 put an end to mission to civilize canada

163
Q

1949 absestos strike

A
  • focused on how they understood and reacted to health hazards when living next to world’s largest chrysotile asbestos mine
  • Health impacts on the Jeffrey Mine workers and the entire community
    Effects of industrialization - and public health inquiry
    Political battle overal political change -
    Image of industy suffered
    Fear that pushing for better environmental healthy would cause the industry to collapse
    Lack of success - but changed negotiations in decades that followed - becomes accepted fact of life when you are so reliant on the chrystophile asbestos mine
164
Q

reading - The treaties of 1701: a triumph of iroquois diplomacy

A
  • Iroquois succeed to achieve securing hunting territories and neutralizing belligerency of new france
    By end of 1600s iroquois had been humbled
    Lost hunting lands
    However they also had achievements
    Orchestrated peace
    Recognition from english french and indian allies to hunting north of lake ontario
  • England asserts sovereignty over iroquois cuz they need free beaver hunting
    In exchange for fears they get britains protection
    Raids of french vs iroquois - force french to abandon western strongholds
    Frontenac tries to make peace - but iroquois are discouraged by the english to make accommodations
    Neither side had sufficient strength to pursue policies unnoposed
  • Five nations seeks peace in 1700
    -They admit to Nafan that french encroached on their lands and built a fort - thinking they would get rid of the french
    1701decree - defines territory in 1701 deed
    From nrothwest lake ontario and humber river mouth
    They are expected to have free hunting on these grands - protected by enland
    French held many iroquois under conversion pretense
    English fail to provide aid
  • 1701 - Outcomes - they had succeeded in achieving what they desired
    Had both trade links to albany and allied with french indian allies
    Could draw people from new france into their communities
    Concluded in peace from war
165
Q

Why did French ask permission to settle on North side of Lake Ontario?

A
  • Beaver shortage in territories of western indians
  • Beavers = trade - their resources are depleted
    Calliere gets them to come to terms with presence of fort detroit - which provided trade goods and arms and regulate french native allies hunting
  • Now iroquous and new france indian allies hunted together
  • Recognized iroquois claim to land where they had a fort
166
Q

Slavery in New france, “a little flesh we offer you” reading

A
  • Extensive system of indian slavery that tranformed indians into commodities of french settlements
    Performed duties as farmers, dock loaders, millers, and semi skilled hands in urban trades
    Half of all colonists in france owned a slave 1725
  • Colonial exchanges - maintain peace - so in 1709 they legalize indian slavery for protection of investments
    Violence and dishonor associated with capture - showcases victims powerlessness before a superior enemy
    Decide whether to kill captive or slowly kill him
  • French men merely saw captives as slaves
    Wanted execution rather than captives
  • Louis XIV rejects viability of indian slavery - authorizing only african slave use
    Legalizing status of indian slaves frances civil officials wanted indian slavery to be like in french caribbean
    Slave trade rewarded brutality with valuable goods - it encouraged colony’s allies to choose warfare over peace
    Captives became viewed as commodities rather than symbols of alliance or spritiutal renewal
167
Q

“a little flesh we offer you” reading, exchanging people for peace

A

To replace a dead relative, facilitate poulation growth, alliances through trade
Usually men and children were adopted more then men
Target male warriors for revenge killings
High mortality rates meant more woman to restore lost population
Children pick up on new customs easier
Iroquian and algonquian people adot captives to requicken or replace village members
Gift of captive had potential to bring enemies together by reviving dead and establishing alliance through gifts to cover their graves
Replace labor and social role of the dead - can convince third parties in favour of them
The sioux offered captives to the french as signs of friendship
French would have to facilitate exchange of captives as uninvolved thor party to replace the iroquois dead and maintain peace (Louis-hector-calliere as spokesperson)

168
Q

Chasing Empire Across the Sea reading, routes to Canada

A
  • Pierre francois xavier - jesuit historian and geographer
  • Sailing to new france
  • Take boat to quebec
  • Heavy reliance on diaries and memoirs
  • Lake and riverine traffic was the choice of navigation in fench colonies until 1763
  • Canadian route - between france and colonies of ile royale and canada - second - antillean route to the french west indies
  • resents navigational challenges to extend royal authority
    Kingdom had poor access to the atlantic ocean
    French ports had no distinct advantage over the ports of the british isles or holland
    Route to canada requires two stages
    Crossing the gulf of st lawrence was extremely difficult
    Winfs, rain, rocks, provide obstacles
    Required consistent funding, experience, and coordination
    Started manuscript charts to navigate the waters
    Quebecs harbour and Ile Orleans was a safe anchorage and the most precious colonial possession by the state in each colony.
  • The antilles route
    Comprised slave ships from west and central africa
    Unlike quebec - iles du vent harbours remained open all year
    Could sail all year to saint pierre and fort royal as well
    The antilles was easier to navigate and was regulated more, whereas intercolonial route was not controlled by any state
169
Q

Chasing Empire Across the Sea reading, routes to Canada, why montreal improved transportation routes and how

A

French roads and river routes improve because of necessity for communication
In canada riverine network was based on montreal
Canoes were very useful for this
1740s - building and improving bridges around island of montreal
Variety of transport was used
Carriages, canoes, horses, and on foot
Able to send luggage on riverboats
Great-lake-illinois country was safe for travel and cross by french troops
Skilled slaves had more freedom
There was an elite group fo slaves within slave community who were sailors
State found control by sending troops, personnel, credit and money, and supplies, required that it expand its grasp of the colony’s geography and enlist, or even co-opt colonial leaders and elites, skills and very often colonial initiatives in order to do so.

170
Q

The seven year war reading, its impacts

A

Acadians ancestors were taken from settlements and deported far away
Before they occupied the best agricultural lands in the region
Now thye have lower standards of living than english speaking maritimers
Notion of struggle from past against anglophones from french canadians
1759 siege of quebec - puts spotlight on colony but does not bring glory gor canadian and french arms
Defeat at plains of abraham
Believe massacre of french canadians at lachine by iroquois was encouraged by the english of new york
Centrists, and overexaggeration depictions of the war
English believe french were unsuited to self govern
Resistance to anglo saxons does not allow them to progress
Lionel groulx views french who fight as indigenous do to be heroes
But not savages loool
Historian nationalist want to sympathize with either britain or france

171
Q

Carolyn Podruchny, “Festivities, Fortitude, and Fraternalism: Fur Trade Masculinity and the Beaver Club, 1785-1827.”

A

1785 - foundation of the beaver club
Restricted to men who had experienced north american interior
Declined with erger between north west company and hudson bay company
Continued till 1824
Glorified for masculinity
Allowed them to establish business connections, share and construct common culture and values
- Montreal depends on fur trade for economic survival until 1821
Financial heart for a large part of the fur trade
Montreals middle class benefited most from growth of economy
Became governing class of the colony
Clubs began to play significant social and cultural roles in the transition from the pre-industrial order to modernizing industrial society
Fraternization among men in the clubs became formalized
Ties with freesmasonary aided fur traders in business and politics
Rival fur trade company members were not welcome
Instrumental to developing gender and class identities of its members
Brought bourgeois men together in an insulated setting and promoted representations of an idealized masculinity
Wanted to separate themselves from lower class
Marginalization of women in public sphere - exclusion from meetings and fraternal associations
Could partake in smoking, swearing, gambling, and drinking
Could romanticize life of the interior as well

172
Q

READING WEEK 5 - assimilation and racialism in seventeenth and eighteenth- century french colonial policy

A

Argues that racial prejudice in colonial canada only emerged after an assimilatioist approach failed
Original wanted to mix - then francisation policy
Worried about european blood being dilluted and dissapearing
Caused emergence of race problem
Not racist?
Colonization was first entrusted to huge nots or foreigners in france= and turned into economic enterprise
Serious settlement effort along st lawrence river after 1632 - christianization of natives becomes genuine concern
Policy of grandeur demands french expansion through colonization = not to compromise kingdoms claim of dominance in europe
Canadas population has to e generated by settlers and natives
Therefor indigenous must be involved
Asked to participate in colonial growth as agents of demographic reproduction
To dominate indigeneous did not see it necessary to resort to force to save money and though gentle approach would bring submission
Civility process - what constitutes french?
Encouraged to settle famr land and grow wheat to raise animals = submit to french law and language customs
Had to be christianized
Baptism
Christianization revokes titles over land
Then were mixed with settlers
Girls sent to convents to be christianized educated and married off
Woman not encouraged to marry
Father was responsible of chils soul and to educate his sun - present in catholic church
Intermarriage strenghtens alliances
1686 - policy criticized endowment of native girls
Shouldnt beonly way to colonize
Jesuits turn back on interethnic living in 1630s
French presence was small
Aside from iroquois natives usually advocated forintermarraige
Could secure european trade
Now decide they need to dominate them politically, militarily, and technologically
Debate of misgenation reaches peak when detroit colony is founded - francisation was only way to civilize and odminate
Could marry to woman who had assimilated
Then only saw woman as sexual object s
Children join clans instead
French setters grow more pessimistic
Marriage i sless encouraged
Vaudreil condemns it
Growing opposition towards marriage
Development of ideas about race in the metropolis?
Racism increases because of participation in transatlantic slave trade and codependency on colonial products
Claiming inferiority allows them to legitimize slave society - cotnrary to french notions of freedom - racial ideologies emerge not in early new france or 18th century byt later
Born out of governments political failure to create a uniform colonial society that would include natives and settlers
Farming settlements like detroit did not create the need for intermarriage

173
Q

READING WEEK 6 - a tendency towards mobocracy - the democratic realities of nineteenth-century British north America

A

Aristotle saw democracy as only working in th majorit’s interest and ruling by decree to extinguish minority rights
Offered flawed political organization and obstructed the virtuous life necessary for human happiness
Negative understanding of democracy in 19th century
Companies insurrectionist movements
Transition to responsible government during 1840s and 1850s polarized democratic debates further
To avoid - start limiting popular participation via restricting electoral privileges
Rejecting or suspending extensions to electoral franchise
Formal political power remains concentrated among the colonies of propertied classes
Saw parliament receiving all interests crown, lords, and common could all govern together
Some pursue responsible goverent - peoples elected representative or republican which placed sovereignty into peoples hands
This responsible government alters balance of power in british north america - rule of many supplants few selected by governors
Push for manhood suffrage regardless of economic background in north america
Voting disenfranchised roman catholics the way it was
Women stau disenfranchised - saw unable to choose legislators properly
Target indigenous as well
White manhood suffrage = moderate reformers want to maintain restrictions to avoid mobocracy
Reformers and conservatives support change to manhood voting suffrage
Howe invokes tax roll to nova scotia men must own 150$ worth of real estate - stance against free vote
Saw colonial oligarchoes as flawed as majority rule
1849 - most unjust legislation is passed - rebellion losses bill compensated anyone who lost property in uprising influcding those who fight against the state
Montreal marked building and parliament set on fire
Elected principle goes through – worried about both representing same things
So create two candidates from separate parties
Saw universal sufrgae as to far still
Difference between lower and upper chamber
Men can ote for lower house, and property inhabitants can vote for upper chamber
Elective principle failed right away
No talented upper candidates
Conservatives start to promote confederation
Province of canada and new brunswick retain property based franchises - first parliament of canada in 1867 - most held positions as property owners
July 1885 john a macdonald declares passage of electoral franchise act - as greatest triumph of life
Represented culmination of attempts to crucial democracy
Put all supreme power in hands of the central government
Through restrictive property requirements
Can limit majority and protest interests of accumulated wealth

174
Q

a tendency towards mobocracy, the democratic realities of nineteenth century British North america reading.

A

Aristotle saw democracy as only working in th majorit’s interest and ruling by decree to extinguish minority rights
Offered flawed political organization and obstructed the virtuous life necessary for human happiness
Negative understanding of democracy in 19th century
Companies insurrectionist movements
Transition to responsible government during 1840s and 1850s polarized democratic debates further
To avoid - start limiting popular participation via restricting electoral privileges
Rejecting or suspending extensions to electoral franchise
Formal political power remains concentrated among the colonies of propertied classes
Saw parliament receiving all interests crown, lords, and common could all govern together
Some pursue responsible goverent - peoples elected representative or republican which placed sovereignty into peoples hands
This responsible government alters balance of power in british north america - rule of many supplants few selected by governors
Push for manhood suffrage regardless of economic background in north america
Voting disenfranchised roman catholics the way it was
Women stau disenfranchised - saw unable to choose legislators properly
Target indigenous as well
White manhood suffrage = moderate reformers want to maintain restrictions to avoid mobocracy
Reformers and conservatives support change to manhood voting suffrage
Howe invokes tax roll to nova scotia men must own 150$ worth of real estate - stance against free vote
Saw colonial oligarchoes as flawed as majority rule
1849 - most unjust legislation is passed - rebellion losses bill compensated anyone who lost property in uprising influcding those who fight against the state
Montreal marked building and parliament set on fire
Elected principle goes through – worried about both representing same things
So create two candidates from separate parties
Saw universal sufrgae as to far still
Difference between lower and upper chamber
Men can ote for lower house, and property inhabitants can vote for upper chamber
Elective principle failed right away
No talented upper candidates
Conservatives start to promote confederation
Province of canada and new brunswick retain property based franchises - first parliament of canada in 1867 - most held positions as property owners
July 1885 john a macdonald declares passage of electoral franchise act - as greatest triumph of life
Represented culmination of attempts to crucial democracy
Put all supreme power in hands of the central government
Through restrictive property requirements
Can limit majority and protest interests of accumulated wealth

175
Q

“Pigs, Cows, and Boarders: Non-Wage Forms of Survival among Montreal Families, 1861-91,” reading

A

Expanding housing market - working class suffer from shoratges because of housing market inequalities, labor market conditions, rapid population growth. Investment in working class areas based on social geography - overcrowding
Through the usage of the banning of pigs, bradbury discusses how it represents the complex change from 1861-91 - as generations severely stopped the proletariat access to methods of supplementing wages
Montreal has turned into capital of industrialism and capitalism
Industry causes more labour, and jobs to flow in - lots of unskilled labourers - peoples were usually looking for mor ework than available
Families rely on wages for survival - to retain control woman - necessary for survival
To make city safer and cleaner - start removing animals - disporportiantely target the working class
Leads to vegetable consumption markets being monitored
Children become source of economic security
City regulation, surveillance, and urban rgwoth
Wealthy had sufficient space for gardens and cows

176
Q

Robert Lewis, Manufacturing Montreal: The Making of an Industrial Landscape, 1850 to 1930. Baltimore, 2000, Chapter 2: “‘Marvellous Rapidity:’ Montreal’s Industrial Expansion,” 25-48.

A

Montreal is not reliant on foreign exports anymore yayyy - optimism - inflated praise
Establish financial relations with new york and regional sectors
Corn laws - extra stimulus for merchants seeking extra profit
Modernization growth of urban population - regional and national markets
Foreign local investment into railways leads to montreals industrial expansion
Montreals new proletariat - as industry creates more wage labor force - immigrants take up a lot. French canadian rural and Irish and Biritsh
Change position in international economy
Rapid growth and expansion - rise of capitalist property market
New demands for social support -
Expanding housing market - working class suffer from shoratges because of housing market inequalities, labor market conditions, rapid population growth. Investment in working class areas based on social geography - overcrowding

177
Q

Henri Bourassa

A

(liberal party) He led the opposition to conscription during World War I and argued that Canada’s interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies. Bourassa was an ideological father of French-Canadian nationalism

178
Q

Robert Borden

A
  • (conservative)
  • won in 1917
  • decided in 1917 to conscript young men for overseas military service. Voluntary recruitment was failing to maintain troop numbers, and Prime - Minister Sir Robert Borden believed in the military value, and potential post-war influence, of a strong Canadian contribution to the war.
  • he created the Canadian Expeditionary Force. He also became significantly interventionist by passing the War Measures Act which gave the government extraordinary powers.
179
Q

Jean Lesage

A
  • (1960s liberal - premier of quebec)
  • major and most successful changes made by the Lesage government was the secularization of Quebec from the Catholic Church. Education reform was one of the most prominent examples of this secularization.
180
Q

The treaty of Utrecht

A

By the Treaty of Utrecht, France ceded most of Acadia to the Kingdom of Great Britain as well as its claims on Newfoundland and Hudson’s Bay.
- All French forts in the northwest―the region covered by all the rivers that flowed onto the Hudson’s Bay―were surrendered to the British.
- France agreed to pay the British fur company in North America, the Hudson’s Bay Company, for losses they suffered during the war.

181
Q

Richelieu RIver

A
  • Explored in 1609 by Samuel de Champlain and named in 1642 in honour of the Cardinal de Richelieu, chief minister of the French king Louis XIII, the river served repeatedly as an attack route between the warring French and English colonists.
  • It was used later as a logging route and commercial fishing stream. The river is still a transportation link; a canal between Saint-Jean and Chambly and a lock at Saint-Ours, built in the mid-19th century, enable shallow-draft vessels and barges to navigate between Montreal and New York City via the St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, Lake Champlain, and the Hudson River.

relg - buddhism (5 decks)

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