History of Quebec FInal exam Flashcards

Question

Treaty of Paris 1783

Answer 1

-This treaty, signed on September 3, 1783, between the American colonies and Great Britain, ended the American Revolution and formally recognized the United States as an independent nation. - ends 7 year war and American revolution, and french vs confederacy war - defined the US boarder

Answer 2

- Quebec act of 1774 - they keep religious and civil rights - English are broke, don't want to police colony - French Canadians can use civil code - French Language is used in government and catholic office is legalized - French allies were abandoned by Indigenous allies in return for promise from British to not expand into indigenous territory

Answer 3

- Britain colonists move West of Appalachians, hand over province of Quebec to keep Americans out - Tries to balance colonial interests, indigenous alliances, french Canadian rebellion - Americans of 13 colonies of Britain's North america reject imperial rule due to taxation - want quebec support to fight to free French from Britain's rule - Leave them stuck with colony full of Catholics and French - Loyalists flee north

Answer 4

- during the war, loyalists from American crown flee north - new colony south of the river called upper Canada - north of Ottawa river

Answer 5

Beavers are driven to extinction by fur trade - are pushed further west - Montreal fur traders start North West company - have a monopoly on trade in Montreal - rival of Hudson Bay company - North West Company is defeated in the war - Britain crown forces the two to merge, based in London (1821) (no longer centred on st Lawrence valley, eliminates trade in Montreal)

Answer 6

- napoleonic war france had tried to starve britain of raw materials, wood for ship building, - north America had lot of lumber for them - end of 19th century, lumber is massively exported into the British Market - 80% of commodity being sold as exports - going into woods to cut down trees becomes huge economical survival strategy in this period - incentivizes development of saw mills and shipbuilding which becomes main economy around Quebec city - diversifying economy

Answer 7

- created a closed system between Birtain and Canada - get preferential tariffs that US wouldn't have - subsidized by British market - encourages the development of lumber economy

Answer 8

- 1791 - corrupt system run by the chateau click (mostly anglophone elites, bourgeois, mostly class-based) - elected assembly had no power - governor general and executive assembly had all the power - fight for democracy

Answer 9

- put pressure on anglos to give power to elected assembly to grant them the power to make laws - British deny this and leads to armed rebellion by 1867 -

Answer 10

- creates a province of Canada - Durham recommended they have a responsible government in response to the patriots - assumed people would assimilate on their own - wanted the new colony to not have majority rule but anglo protestant minority rules over it - split it politically into two sections - both quebec and Ontario would have equal numbers of seats - equal political power was given

Answer 11

- get responsible government - if you win an election you have the authority to make law - the area becomes democratic. for land owning males

Answer 12

- public sphere for men - private for woman - gendering of society

Answer 13

- The entire existence of quebec when entered Laurentian lowlands up until the 1840s - economically tied to a European empire

Answer 14

- tariffs on corn and grain but Canada is exempt - 1846 - gets corn laws repealed - now Canada is not in a mercantile system, no preferential access, in free trade - 1849 - Anglo demand to be annexed by the united states and seek acess to American versus europen market - North American trade versus European (continental shit)

Answer 15

Montreal chooses to industrialize int he 19th century - after fur trade, rich investors from capital accumulation from banking - becomes capital when it is used correctly - building of Lachine Canal - abolishment of the Seigneural system, leads to selling of plots of land - large landless populations developing, people have to work for wages (something u must do for rest of ur life, no independence, cost of labour is collapsed) - all elements necessary to industrialize

Answer 16

Move to free trade matters less and the period in 80’s is the great boom - the quickest and largest expansion Economic pious gets bigger - so rapidly that no one is concerned about it

Answer 17

(1867 - the province of Canada, Nova Scotia, news Brunswick) 1. Intercolonial railway - from halifax to the province of Canada 2. annexation of Rupert land. Great Britain and Canada think it should be annexed 3. New colony or confederation that would connect 4 maritime provinces 4. Create a federation in Canada - a colony in southern Ontario and quebec

Answer 18

System didn’t function - always gridlock because of equal representation in parliament

Answer 19

- end of the union of Upper vs Lower Canada, replaced with the provincial state called quebec - shift from imperial to continental - 1860s onwards, relationship with the US starts to become more important - Now province of quebec

Answer 20

- 1880s, Creation of a working class - wage labour always existed but was a life sentence for people now - Previously goal had been no dependence on wages - Now was a life sentence - working-class culture develops - women had to work and participate in the public sphere

Answer 21

- Montreal was rapidly expanding working-class city because of industrialization - Undisputed Metropol - politics still in Quebec city

Answer 22

Pope declares problem deals with the working class and clergy needs to make sure workers aren't being brought into socialist and Marxist unions which are atheist - form national unions under supervision of clergy

Answer 23

- damaged labour movement a lot - Most of unions collapse - hard to organize when no work

Answer 24

- try to organize along industrial rather than craft lines - try to organize everyone ( both English and french assemblies) -Form national unions under the supervision and authority of the clergy - The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. -create united front between producers and non producers

Answer 25

- State needs to improve people's lives or will invite a socialist revolution - Communist revolution was seen to be probable in Montreal - Progressive areas - idea of using powers of state to improve peoples lives

Answer 26

Largely municipality based not the federal or provincial government Mainly water system Public health - Pasturization for milk supply

Answer 27

- main thing coming out of this change - technological innovations - development of refrigerated ships - huge demand for cheddar - switch to dairy (a massive part of Quebec's economy) - throughout Canada and the industrialized world - the ability for society to start enacting change - invention of high tension wire - Greater hydro and dam potential

Answer 28

- idea to combat sickness - need clean air for the working class to be healthy -

Answer 29

= state begins to think about this because of pressure from the labour movement -

Answer 30

- The land is expelling people - people can’t live on land despite the development of the dairy industry - Laurentian lowlands are at their limits Must leave to support themselves Go to US and Montreal - 1/4th was living in New England - build communities or little Canadas where there are french churches - causes concern in politics which are dominated by clerical nationalist elite

Answer 31

- Redirect immigration away from US and Montreal and direct them onto the land - Colonization projects were failures - 1920s dies off

Answer 32

Decline of anglophone community in 1920s Anglophone quebec expells population - go west to other areas or united states

Answer 33

- Start of immigration to quebec are coming from jewish and italian communities - people come back from italy - Sojourner Immigrrration - they work for short periods and then comeback - New england is prime destination for french canadians and allows them to return home because of railway

Answer 34

- familiar quebec (automobiles, cinemas for movies.) -

Answer 35

- Great war is important because - Quebec and Canada had a ambiguous foriegn policy - called a dominion rather than a colony Self governing - Becomes a question of is canada a colony - Sudan crisis and Boar war - Canada began by sayig no

Answer 36

- Henri bourassa dosen’t think they owe them anything - Massive opposition to conscription - Government under Borden - want a pro conscription majority - Borden finds a way to get majority by giving vote to women (nurses) second phase wives and widows at the front (VERY PRO CONSCRIPTION) - Men not fighting were physically attacked - Establishes solid pro-conscription bloc - Split liberal party under Wilfred Laurier - anti-conscription party - Liberals outside of quebec join the union government and conservative party, Quebec is isolated in the 1930 election - Pro-conscription majority 1918 - soldiers get sent to the front, war ends before most served - Culminated in easter 1918 - Toronto troops fire on anti-conscription protest in quebec city

Answer 37

- tons of organizations pressuring quebec government - Women right to vote in 1940 - massive pressure - Leads to liberal party putting right to vote to women in 1939 platform and go through with it once they win

Answer 38

- 14 thousands people die - massive casualities - Provincial and federal aren’t doing much - they do set up a board of health through the province, however, mostly municipal government - Cholera pandemics Try to coordinate municipal reaction to the pandemic Indigenous remote communities are most affected - no access to medical services - Urban working class in poor housing conditions

Answer 39

- Another economic boom - stock market speculation that culminates in biggest capitalist crisis - France and Britain pay back war debt 1920s good year - something is clearly wrong

Answer 40

- Worst place hit in Canada - Goes to 25 percent in terms of unemployment - liberal capitalism has failed - more progressive places bounce back faster under Roosevelt - Fascist movement and communist movement in response point to liberal capitalism failings

Answer 41

- 1939 - snap election is called - gets outmaneuvered by Mackenzie king - would have conscription but no soldier to fight outside of Canada - Fulfilled demands of quebec - Duplessis runs a bad campaign in 1939 and lost elections to liberals - Liberals are the first provincial progressive party - use state to make change - Restore the right to vote as women fight for it - Create hydro quebec in 1943 by nationalizing a herbert Cobol monopoly of electricity - First mandatory schooling system in quebec - Quebec was behind in mandatory social service

Answer 42

-1944 - Duplessis comes back into power Expended most power in the war - stays PM until 1954 - Period referred to as The Great darkness - main thing was catholic and residential school system creation - different because controlled by church, based on creating catholic rather than assimilation

Answer 43

- 1960 seen as turning point - Massive demographic changes - Baby boom - Quebec reached limits to population growth - English Canada society catches up - similar demographic growth rates French Canadian Exceptionalism of birth rate ends in post-war period -

Answer 44

- First sky scraper - Result of St LAwrence seaway - removal of water front of poor communities in western quebec and Ontario - increased volume but changed Montreal's importance as a key port - Montreal’s upperclass support project cuz lachine canal can’t handle construction - Too many people live in the area, can't expand, cant handle big container ships

Answer 45

- 1960s - the victory of lasage - See massive changes in immigration - Main group of immigrants mostly from southern Europe

Answer 46

- Lasage comes into power in 1960 Main ideologies - french canadians should be masters in their own house - Large idea is quebec model of economic development - Overcome being ‘behind’ - Creation of hydro quebec - secularization of education - 1960s take over the power grid Nationalize electricity gid

Answer 47

- labour, feminist movements - Divorce and contraception legalized -- - Divorce is twice that of canadian average - Should the French language be improved? -

Answer 48

- Radicalism coming from universities - October crisis when FLQ kidnapp and murder 2 - Montreal under martial law - Completely discredit violent revolutionary approach to creating independent Quebec

Answer 49

- Growing in 1960s and 70s -

Answer 50

- start recevoir plant in north - completed by 1960s - Very expensive - 1970s - james bay hydro electric project - Growth of indigenous population and growth of resistance in the north - Against state just doing waht it wants - Resistance to james bay project

Answer 51

-The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) was reached in 1975. This is arguably the first modern land claims agreement in Canadian history and is often considered one of the most successful agreements for Indigenous peoples in terms of monetary compensation. Against state just doing waht it wants Resistance to james bay project - Agreement is signed between quebec and cree nation - Indigenous people start to come back into public sphere - Compensation controlled by the cree

Answer 52

- the race is allegedly no longer a factor in immigration - Haitian immigrants come into public sphere - most of Quebec's history - Frenchness and francophone is tied to an ethnic group - Now ethnic framework is changing (mainly haitians) - Fight against racist practices in taxi industry

Answer 53

- the culmination of the process - back into the public sphere - from news confronted with the treatment of indigenous people - A most visceral moment of that - People were confronted with the treatment of indigenous people - Cant relegate them to invisibility Momentous changes

Answer 54

1. Upper st lawrence 2. Saguenay - drains Lac-Saint Jean into St Lauren River 3. St maurice ( north-south in central quebec to empty into the Saint Lawrence river at trois riviere) 4. Ottawa (The Ottawa River is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is named after the Algonquin word 'to trade', as it was the major trade route of Eastern Canada at the time.) 5. Lower st.Lawrence ( St. Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque, Brockville, Morristown, Ogdensburg, Massena, Cornwall, Montreal, Trois-Rivières, and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, one of the largest estuaries in the world.)

Answer 55

1. Iroquoian people - 2. St Lawrence inquorian 3. Huron group 4. Neutral group 5. Eric group 6. Iroquois group

Answer 56

- South into Florida - Finds cod in Newfoundland - needed a stable form of protein in Europe (cheap) - First europeans to set foot in Newfoundland - Contact with Mi'kmaq nation Cartier meets with the chief of Stadacona “Donnacana” - takes part in gift-giving ceremony Cartier gets beaver fur and claims the land as the king of Frances - Donnacana and sons are detained by Cartier who he used for exhibitions n future - Donnacana tells Cartier around the riches of the north - Mostly expeditions failed during this period - french don’t come back for 60 years

Answer 57

- was an experienced cartographer - set up a fortified training post where Stadacona once was but had disappeared - laurentians and iroquians had disappeared on their return - Inu and algonquin communities needed the french to help them with the war against teh Haudeshawnee and desired a strong trade relationship as well - Agreed to an allied attack against the mohawk - French fires musket - which they have no protection against - Champlains participation in battle is crucial for 2 reasons - In north America in doing so - europeans were drawn into north American wars

Answer 58

- Iroquois were captivated what they could with European weaponry - Dutch newly liberated from spain set up a trading post - Albany post - Matchlock musket, Didnt work in wet weather - By 1640s, Haudeshawnee confederacy was by far superior - the best armed military power in the region - Made new modifications for the weapons given to them, wanted smaller muskets for their form of warfare - Different colonials did everything to give their forces the latest weaponry

Answer 59

Would bring fur to indigenous trading posts and integrated them into the Atlantic economic system - connected European/native worlds

Answer 60

- Canoe get through tight and tough terrain than European canoe - Carries more people - efficiently, and quickly, making fur trade possible

Answer 61

- Indigenous have no protection against smallpox - 60% of Wendac confederation are killed - Loss of knowledge as elderly are killed off, and loss of leadership Blamed jesuits in their midst for the diseases - Jesuits think its punishment from god Sometimes thought jesuits could heal them - Huge number of prisoners were required to replace the dead

Answer 62

- development of montreal as a gateway to the interior - Montreal has a river system - King of france wants to turn overseas dominions into a singular entity

Answer 63

- Do orders come from the pope or the king? - King is the one you take orders from which is opposed by ultramontanism - Clergy is forced to accept orders from king - Puts colonies under direct crown control - Louis 14th - his administration more so was involved - King Louis XIV and his chief minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert gave New France a government similar to that of a French province.

Answer 64

- Dealt with a lot of the efforts - Wanted to rebuild navy - 98 ships were created - Singular purpose of funding military - fiscal millitary state - Stronger commercial base - more tax and money comes in - Creates state bureaucracy to manage colonies -

Answer 65

- Can’t produce things - Couldnt regulate smuggling - Not trying to develop themselves - Base unit of society was patriarchal family, base of social relations and legal system - Family is a mini monarchy, Father of the kingdom Transposed to the family - Male is considered king of the household and Source of strength - Marriage was crucially important for political purpose and peasants and lower classes (men bring land and woman bring dowries)

Answer 66

- Seigneurial system - vast majority of people were engaged to agriculture Seigner - lord who is granted land by the crown - Responsible for leasing the land Required to grant a sizable piece of land - Put people on the land - Contract specifies where parcel is and what is required - Cant be kicked off land if ur paying rent - Horses or ox plow the land - River which freezes in winter requires construction or roads and trails - Cost of labour was high - hard to hire help - Family was your labor force - incentive to have children - Peas, oats, and barley were also grown - no surplus, dependent on wages

Answer 67

- Orphan girls are sent from orphanages to new France to boost the population - over-mythologized that this work resulted in a population boost - doesn't result in the population reaching over 60,000 as other formsof immigration contributed

Answer 68

- They realize they can't win militarily - as a result, obtain french goods at a lower cost and trade freely - French also can benefit because it cuts off the mainland invasion route - French are allowed to have a settlement at Detroit - Detroit, the largest city in the state of Michigan, was settled in 1701 by French colonists. It is the first European settlement above tidewater in North America. Founded as a New France fur trading post

Answer 69

In 1650 and 1673 - they were dispersed and established themselves around Quebec City to gain protection from New France - The confederacy takes in more Jesuits - They have to display Christianity to maintain their status as privileged French allies (however they maintain independent rituals and autonomy of leaders in small communities) - Indigenous people overlapped in towns and spaces

Answer 70

- Quebec faces the Atlantic and acts as an administrative center - Montreal faces a continental interior -

Answer 71

- Jean talon contributed to population of New France settlement (retired soldiers) - Oversaw less Filles du Roi - Was first intendant of New France - wanted to support wheat production with creation of flax to diversify the economy

Answer 72

- Royal shipyards are produced but need Enormous amount of wood - Didn’t rlly work - high cost of labor - Strong currents make it difficult

Answer 73

- Indentured servitude - under the dominion of a master Always for a specific amount of time - Fur trade functions under systems of servitude - Under condition for specific amount of time - Children don’t become indentured servant - Not technically slavery - Demanded gifted captives stay in North America, Custom and rules for this form of slavery - Labour intensive props - high value of consumer goods - Seen as status symbol to not have to do work Constant labour shortage

Answer 74

- Frontier conflict expands and 7 years of war starts in Europe - Austrians and french are allies - Britain settles on a colonial strategy - Giving money to the prussians - Drove british out of the ohio valley - 1755 british round up and expel acadian population - British expel entire populations - Some end up in new france or other colonies - Spain was neutral - Indigenous nations saw alliance with french as a means to an end - expendable - British seize quebec and Montreal

Answer 75

- The goal of diplomacy was to balance power - No ally should be more substantially powerful then others - Ensuring a balance of power - Diplomats negotiated compensation - 1763 - french keep two islands off Newfoundland - Get rid of all their colonies - Sugar was a driver for commercial expansion - A final treaty in 1763 - France also has sugar plantation in the caribbean Got rid of expensive and pointless colony

Answer 76

- French Canadians become subsistence peasants - For most french Canadians life didn’t change much after…. 63 - Nationalism hadn't really developed yet - As long as french Canadians could speak and practice their religion they didn’t mind the king - Had decently developed economy, Suffered from lack of a strong trade sale, Fur trading didn’t continue, State and military with key actors

Answer 77

- Britain had massive debt after war - Ruled over 70,000 colonists - The policed catholic french population was impossible - British wanted to turn new france into a british colony 1763 - royal proclamation - Instituted law that banned catholics from holding public office - Goal to converse french catholics to not speak french Switch from civil to common law - Angered landholders - Royal proclamation banned colonial expansion west English-speaking colonies - no one is supposed to go west of this line - British settle in towns while the french remained in the countryside -

Answer 78

- ended American revolutionary war - americans had invaded quebec - British decide not to go with the americans - State of the art navy - defeat of british - France provides gun powder for americans to use - Americans want to persuade France to join their side of the revolution of the 13 colonies and revolt against british rule

Answer 79

- defined the U.S border, Great Britain granting the Northwest territory to the United States -

Answer 80

granting emancipation for the Catholic, French-speaking settlers of the province. - reinstated french civil law

Answer 81

Mythologized - Backbone of fur trade network - Transporting furs to european outposts - Fur trade enters the Rockies - Voyageur worked in indigenous land - Close relations supplied conduits for more than relationships - Freedom was culturally distinct from metis societies - Masculinity was central to identity - rather than family life Based on drinking, gambling, and risks

Answer 82

- French regime allowed seigneurs to live comfortable lives - They start to raise rent due to land scarcity - Seigneur system - don’t evict someone who wants to pay rent - Eventually, succeed - Start running out of land - Southern Ontario is the only place to get land - Contributed to the growing landless population

Answer 83

- British have monopoly over drainage basin - Tendency towards mergers - 9 parterniships merge to make montreal company - Competition hurts both parties - Trade becomes unprofitable - 1812-1821 - have armed conflict called pennican wars conflict during the North American fur trade between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company in the years following the establishment of the Red River Colony in 1812 by Lord Selkirk. - Laurentian fur trade is over

Answer 84

- Lower Canada had a lot of lumber - brings in capital for lumber production - Middle class traditions start to develop around seasonal migration of lumberjacks - Lumber industry - easily 80% came from canadas lumber - Lumber was labour intensive - Only when lumber trade appears there is incentive for settlement and economic diversification - Best years around 40 ships launched - Lower Canada is third most important naval center in the world, ships directly to england with special tariffs

Answer 85

- Durham is sent to British North America to investigate the causes of rebellions in 1837-38 in the colonies of upper and lower - believed lower and upper Canada should be fused together and this was a national problem - this would help to avoid majority rule and corruption under one power - led to major reforms and democratic advances - two canadas were merged into a single colony, the Province of Canada in the 1840s -

Answer 86

- Lower Canada stops being a lower state - Becomes a section of single colony - Province of united canada - Single legislative assembly and counsel, appoints a executive counsel - Lord durhams legislation was not accepted - All power remains with the elite to Ensure english control over the government - Best way to ensure assimilation of french canadians

Answer 87

Local militia and police - once places like Montreal receive charters an issue of violence starts to emerge

Answer 88

- Could vote if u rented property - 5 pounds 11 shillings - Very low property qualification 1 fourth and 1 eight - Woman had right to vote in elections - Authorities could deny ballot to everyone - Husband represents the entire family - Officials considered wives lack autonomy Women had to have enough property to vote - central to claim to the right to vote

Answer 89

- The bill was enacted to compensate Lower Canadians who lost property during the Rebellions of 1837 with measures similar to those providing compensation in Upper Canada.

Answer 90

- There were two outbursts of violence, the first in November 1837, in a series of skirmishes and battles between Patriote rebels and trained British regulars as well as Anglophone volunteers. The defeat of the disorganized rebels was followed by widespread Anglophone looting and burning of French Canadian settlements. - tories were run by reformists who passed bills and caused anglo protestant riots - caused capital to shift to Ottawa

Answer 91

- Leader of the Petite-Nation - reformist Patriot movement leader

Answer 92

Sir Louis-Hippolyte Ménard dit La Fontaine, 1st Baronet, KCMG was a Canadian politician who served as the first Premier of the United Province of Canada and the first head of a responsible government in Canada. - during rebellion was premier, had his house burned down

Answer 93

- from red river settlement populated mainly by Metis - anglophone protestants intensified tension in the region - Metis resisted takeover of homeland in Red River rebellion - negotiate metis rights with Ottawa to allow Manitoba to join the confederation as province of Manitoba - Sir john a Macdonald sent troops to establish control over the province - Riel fled to live in Exile - Riel advocated guarantees for Metis land, language, and political rights. - gets amnesty in return for exile of 5 years - allegedly executed thomas scott

Answer 94

- lots of tories - support church, monarchy, and hierarchy - equality for property owning men - not much representation between liberal and conservatives

Answer 95

ended 18 years of Tory rule - Wilfrid Laurier comes into power - wins aginst Charles Tupper - election based on free trade - believed that church land could be taken - look to use property that's not being utilized

Answer 96

- Different versions of socialism - Until very late 19th century marxism was not the most important - Society needs to move away from capitalism - Socialism was rooted in quebec - In early 20th century a communist revolution in canada seemed inevitable - Gravitate towards progressivism - Used military power of the state to alleviate poverty and improve society - state intervention - Best way to fight socialism is to do something to help society - Create regulations to improve living conditions In quebec progressive reforms were led by municipalities

Answer 97

- Develop a new type of wheat - Grow wheat properly - rise of settler colonialism - Canada becomes largest wheat production Prairies are growing rapidly -Type of wheat is not suitable for the west

Answer 98

If you are poor and suffering - it is because you are a sinner and god is punishing you - So no one wants to go there - Only true poor would go there - is the logic - Women labour is always question of morals - not concerned about conditions for woman

Answer 99

- Clergy in quebec worried about domination of unions - Unions advocated for communism or socialism, want to Christianize the working class to break links between workers and internationals - Abandon unions for quebec based unions - Elite believe working-class thing is a passing fad - 1880s ask questions for how to deal with this - Urban poverty harder to deal with for reformers - main issue is that salaries were way to low

Answer 100

- the scott act (or canada temperance act), parliament act passed in 1878 which provided a national framework for municipalities to opt into prohibition. - Scott act is passed - national referendum - Quebec only gets 18% - Quebec was against banning alcohol tho - routinely refused prohibition - Started to ban hard liquor during the war - Still refused full prohibition - Idea that poverty is caused by alcoholism Some improvements in public health were made

Answer 101

- Canda government acts likes a dominion - Imposes tariffs on german goods - leads into discussing of supporting england in the war

Answer 102

- caused Laurier to lose the 1911 elections as he wanted a Canadian Navy, but couldn't appease both English and french - French canada was opposed to conscription and canadian participation in british imperialism - Military was anglophone institution - Training was done in english - all in same unit - Started francophone units (the vandoos) - But war remained unpopular so try to argue that they fight for france as well - was a way for Montreal bourgeoisie to prove themselves

Answer 103

- woman lost the vote in quebec - Suffragist movement - National council of woman - Montreal local council woman - Parker (drummond) secular organization - woman start their own catholic federation - Military votes act - for nurses to vote - war time elections act - 1918 womans franchise act (1918 at federal level all woman can vote) - In quebec didn’t want to give woman the vote - clerical national elite didn’t want woman to be emancipated - would ruin faith - wanted them to only have kids and raise them catholics

Answer 104

- Marie Gérin-Lajoie, feminist, pioneer social worker, founder of the Institut Notre-Dame du Bon-Conseil - After getting right to vote - becomes head of democratic party in quebec - first woman in canada to head a party in 1940s -Gérin-Lajoie is the daughter of Marie Gérin-Lajoie (née Lacoste), a pioneer of the women's rights movement in Québec - Pressure on politicians to get liberal party to put womens suffrage on their platform Liberals fulfilled their promise Right to vote was restored in quebec

Answer 105

- Influenza/pandemic starts to spread - Starts to be reported in spain - Spreads very fast - Canada had a high mortality rate - Military was responsible for spread as - Overcrowded army camps soldiers returning to front were main source of infection - Quebec gets hit in waves - 14,000 people were killed by the influenza sept -jan 1918 - Quebec and canada had rudimentary public health infrastructure - Health departments coordinate work of physicians - Makeshift hospitals and orphanages - Massive shortage of nurses and doctors - Municipalities try to stop the spread - shut down parlours - municipalities

Answer 106

- 1960 - victory of liberals - Quiet revolution generation believed in the before and after - - As much continuity as there is rupture - Post-war boom - baby boom - High birth rate - the declining death rate - 5 million - 250,000 - Infant mortality rate - worse in the world - most unfazed city - 120,000 births - pasteurization New development of vaccines - Quebec reached a limit on family capacity - By 1950s birth rate is roughly equal, about equal to other industrialized societies

Answer 107

- Boom that started war continues into the 1970s - 30 glorioous years - Wages rose fast - can borrow with little cost - Professionals benefit from the new clientel Capitalism was dope - Interests rates were very low - makes sense to borrow - House in suburbia - with several cars and consumer products - Consumer society built on debt - Stops in the 1970’s - Fuels purchase of automobiles - rise of the private automobile - Car ownership rose significantly to 1 million - Began to redesign cities with cars in mind - urban planning was interested in the most efficient means - Montreal had a huge problem with congestion - city squeezed between st Laurence and the mountain

Answer 108

- Expansion to the road network - Solve the problem - build dorchester boulevard - Built between 1954-1955 - The biggest building in the british empire - State secret - british moved all gold reserves to montreal - The new boulevard split the city into two - decline of the old downtown port - Golden square mile - starts to decline and people move to westmount and toronto - Was designed to make central business - Tramway network - Passenger railway company i 1861 - pulled by horses - Tramway in quebec city - All major cities in quebec had tram networks - Automobile comes to be seen as a relic of the past - Automotive groups hate tram systems - want to get rid of them - Change to busses - Last tram in 1959 - public utility company - the montreal transit transition

Answer 109

During post war - comes intergrated into the economy American capital floods into the province Although canada becomes firmly integrated In post war era becomes increasingly wallstreet Mining control lept to 61% By 1960 - vault industry is controlled by foreigners Branch plant Create a new company 1970s-1980s - branch plants In short term - still a success story Created a lot of jobs in quebec and investment Canadian capitalists were not doing it People were concerned about american control of the economy

Answer 110

Allowed large ships to reach the great lakes - combination of river…grand project 3 step project To take control of the great lakes shipping trade Improved the lower st lawrence and built the lachine canal As well as series of canals to improve the system (welling canal) Make it a single system that centers around montreal Starts to show it’s age Want to make a new canal system Improved ocean going ships Immense pressure from ontario To access hydro power from ontario Around canal basin

Answer 111

Great depression saw reduction of immigration - more homogeneous more quebecois After war - more immigrants settle in montreal - most from southern europe (jewish italian, ressetle survivors of the holocaust) (jewish diasporah) English is language of status and power - way to integrate themselves Haitians - establish political and cultural ties - 1960’s and 1970’s for political and economic reasons - immigrants faced racism and employment discrimination - Changing demographic makeup

Answer 112

anti-unionist, anti-communist, conservative leader of the Union Nationale - Modern and liberal ideas were suppressed in favour of social conservatism, supported by the Church and Maurice Duplessis' Union nationale political party. The Duplessis regime was considered regressive and corrupted in terms of governance and development. - against state involvement in economy - blocked federal spending, but paid his. own civil servants well to rewards supporters and gave jobs to allies and friends - formed residential school system run by the Christian oblate's - didn't think quebec had an obligation to provide schooling - comes back into power in 1944 with old school liberalism

Answer 113

Culmination of long term shifts - Quebec was rapidly modernizing New french canadian middle class Shift to dominated by services rather than industry - brief period where government intervenes in the state Government becomes example og government intervention in the economy Adopt policies to create a wellfare state 2. Modernize quebecs economy Plant more modern sectors Increase hydroelectric capacity Government improved schooling and conditions Quebecois shift from french canadians (quebecois civic, french canadian outside of quebec) Gets votes by giving friends civil service jobs Creation of crown operations - increase presence of french Canadians Limited to Montreal area Nationalized power Electricity trust is a monopoly? Huge corporation - employed french specialitst Change in langugae of economic sector Became a state within a state National espectos society is created Fireproof - good insulation Idea behind the case - nationalized auto insurance program Create capital that would replace british capital Largely worked - became largest investor - stazte becomes an entrepreneur

Answer 114

Liberal government leader elected in 1960 for start of quiet revolution - brief period where government intervenes in the state Government becomes example og government intervention in the economy Adopt policies to create a wellfare state 2. Modernize quebecs economy Plant more modern sectors Increase hydroelectric capacity Government improved schooling and conditions Quebecois shift from french canadians (quebecois civic, french canadian outside of quebec) Creation of crown operations - increase the presence of french Canadians Limited to Montreal area Change in langugae of economic sector Became a state within a state Idea behind the case - nationalized auto insurance program Create capital that would replace british capital Largely worked - became largest investor - stazte becomes an entrepreneur

Answer 115

French felt marginalized in their own province Anglophones earned more than french Ghettorized lower-wage sectors Workplaces banned french - working class is coded as french, capital is coded as anglophone Quiet revolution blamed two things - clerical nationalists and bourgeoisie Mytholigize Richard as a hero And Duplessis as villains

Answer 116

Intervened in the agricultural center Well fare stat grows larger Administered by the provinces 1971 - insurance program was expanded 96 percent of the population - socialist system if overhauled - can count on government subsidies Main priority - overcome quebecs inferiority Creatio of educated middle class elite - best way to achieve economic superiority 1963 - looks into replacing church dominated education system 1943 - mandatory schooling - miss of protestant and catholic bishops chose committee Government succeeded in creating the ministry of education CGEP system in 1967 Designed to provide inexpensive educTAion to french canadians Create universities in regions with growing population - low cost education universities Sir george williams and loyola college Expanded system was secularized University received the new charter Laval - renamed - used to be in Latin QUarter Arch Bishop is the chancellor Usage of heritage buildings (for example integrating into secular buildings)

Answer 117

- Sector workers have the right to strike

Answer 118

Women take on more active societal role Women belonging to public sphere breaks down New generation of woman break down this perception Feminists wants contraception and abortion 1997 - risen to 90% of woman Family changes - became lowest of indusrialized world (size) Divorce 1968 - divorce doubled Canadian average

Answer 119

Quebec radicals heavily influenced by post colonial thought Drew comparisons to decolonization movements and civil rights movements Saw themselves in anglo empire See themselves in the cuban revolution Model that radicaled groups were looking at Canadian and quebec governments Huge scandal for allying with Fronte de Liberation Quebecois to train with PLO - rebel forces Boom against anglo American empite October crisis = kidnapping of pm and James cross. war measures act invoked in 1970 - to give police the power to arrest and detain any potential FLQ members. - government suspends civil rights in quebec arrest - Required inquiry into scandl - kidpanning appropriate to suspend civil rights Double kidnapping led to robbing of cvil rights State starts to move northward

Answer 120

1912-1960s - government had responsibility to draw treaties with indigenous people Create provincial reserves and allow indigenous people to govern themselves Company wants logging rights By 1960’s wanted to turn them into quebecois citizens Rejected from public sphere Giant project in the north = create jobs but colonize the areas No consultation of indigenous people Half of the population is directly affected by the project Through the association de quebec Force their way back into the public sphere Respect unceded indigenous land Signed the fur treaty special privileges Cree received 107 million dollars as compensation Controlled by cree council Change because now indigenous arent being treated as wards of state and can handle their own compensation funds Pushing back into political sphere 1970s - indigenous becoming actors of society and politics Succeeded in asserting themselves

Answer 121

- Before 1960s no one talked about quebec sovereignty - Quebec has exclusive control over important fields of action - Trudeau believed french and english are equal and that canada should be a bilingual nation - Growing french canadian highly educated middle class - Sovereignists parties RIN - rally for international independence - 1968 -transformed into party du Quebecois

Answer 122

1976 - partie quebecois win Had campaigned on sovereignty and independence Promised a referendum for sovereignty Most lasting legacy Accelerated anglophones out of quebec - made it overwhelmingly french canadian 1980 - referendum Referendum not about independence No side won in referendum

Answer 123

Robert Bourassa GOQ was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd premier of Quebec from 1970 to 1976 and from 1985 to 1994. A member of the Liberal Party of Quebec, he served a total of just under 15 years as premier.

Answer 124

By 1970s no questions hat toronto had overtaken montreal as canadas financial and commercial capital Economically connected to a metropolis In quebec - montreal was undisputed metropolis - outpaced other quebecois cities In terms of population Ontario - development is even Provincial metropolis of toronto Southern ontario Seaway removes advantage of canal Toronto had important and valuable hinterland - could slowly catch up to montreal Hinterland - area economically dependent and connected to a part of a metropolis Toronto’s more in the united states - as Britain is declining in importance - more favourable with investors Industrial base was tied to railroads textiles, iron steel Products of the industrial revolution Toronto was close to the most important manufacturing sector in the 20th century Toronto is next to windsor - has a massive market for cars Largely a staple economy for parts New high tech sector Long term structural problems Issue of agency - humans are not passive - montreal chose to industrialize whereas toronto did not 1960s-1970s - montreal could be anglophone metropolis of french metropolis of quebec

Answer 125

Introduced by Camille Laurin, Bill 101 made French the official language of the government of Quebec and Quebec society. Instruction in French became mandatory for immigrants. This was even the case for those from other Canadian provinces - restricting access to English schools and prohibiting the use of English on commercial signs. Both became vulnerable after the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms took effect in 1982. caused backlash from anglo - montreal was most effected by business language 1978 - quebec company sunlife relocated to toronto in backlash of changing the language Wanted to transform anglo, rich, institution of mcgill - turn it into a french canadian university

Answer 126

Idea to allow quebec to catch up to socio economic rest of canada Quebecois have one powerful institution of society The government In 1970s - most capitalist governments think wow this is working great Inflation is rising too fast Sign of trouble Bank of montreal is largest bank in western hemisphere Quiet revolution succeeded by allowing quebec to catch up to english canada

Answer 127

System crashes - economic crisis of 1970s was caused by the oil shock Wants to increase oil production - want to protect the oil industry Everything east of line uses imported oil - western quebecois oil Price of oil was increasing quickly Orthodoxy had no answer

Answer 128

After 1980 referendum (first independence referendum in Quebec) - promises to redo federalism in the interest of national unity - trudeau revives old dream of repatriating the constitution Law passed in london - in 1867 Any changes - constitution winds up - premiers meet up an hash a deal without quebec sent to london to get ratified Constitution is made in canadian rather than british law Quebec hasnt signed constitution 1985 - liberals come back to power (henri Bourassa) - propose 5 things to sign the constitution

Answer 129

propose 5 things to sign the constitution 1.Powers over immigration in the province 2. Promote francophone immigration 3. Pick their immigrants 4. To prioritize francophones 5. Limits to federal spending 6. Veto for constitutional changes 7. Quebec supreme court judges

Answer 130

Decline of anglophone community Many preferred to leave 1971 -1986 - 2000 immigrated Vast majority was from the british isles Most came from europe Portuguese italian greek communities Newcomers came from asia, north africa, and the carribean Remove raced based qualifications Consider persons race in immigration Increasing number of haitians to seek refuge First gen was highly educated french elite Catholic, french Haitians realized dictatorship was permanent Suffered racism - migrants could no longer apply for landed immigrant status Threat of deportation Massive campaign against deportations

Answer 131

- The James Bay and Northern Quebec - - Agreement is the basic Charter of Cree Rights. - - It is the first modern Indigenous land claim agreement and treaty in Canada, and it is protected by the Constitution of Canada.

Answer 132

- wants to expand golf course into OKA - A violent attack on barricade was fought off and killed - Into indigenous land, 78 day stand off - Block the messier bridge - Expansion of golf course is cancelled when Canadian government buys land - never returned to the Mohawk - More consultation in 21st century with the indigenous nation - The Oka Crisis played an important role in the creation of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

Answer 133

- France felt excluded from newly revealed regions - Saw france had right and special responsibility to colonize because of civilizing benefits - Brazillionies asked missinoraries to instruct them in christianity, were preented at court Showy way of decreeing they should evangelize new world - French and Portugese in competition to colonize

Answer 134

Jacques cartier (1491-1557) sent to continue explorations Attempt to make settlement on st lawrence in well populated region First time missionaries were not included Cartier captained fleet - of about 900 people - an exaggeration rpob Moist of the colonists were prisoners or social outcast Only cartier arrived in 1541 Established themselves with the iroquois Cartiers second voyage (1535-6) was accompanied by more conflict and manpower loss for the french Returned with iron thinking it was precious Roberval also sucked at trying to establish a colony French were shown how to cure scurvy with tree bark - Made little effort ot understand amerindians In return for food and help the natives expected them to fight in their wars Mutiny within their groups Jean irbault arrives to relieve him of his command Faulty leadership could have been root of colonial problems Lazy and unwilling to work lol - wanted treasure

Answer 135

only roman catholic missionaries were allowed into the colonies Reflected catholic victory in civil wars Since 1603had foothold in acadia Said theyd provide protection if they recognized french king as monarch - and convert to christians They agreed without knowing They were eventually chased out Tehy failed overall to secure subsistence base Unprepared for climate First developed in acadia and new france Defeat of new france 1760 put an end to mission to civilize canada

Answer 136

- focused on how they understood and reacted to health hazards when living next to world’s largest chrysotile asbestos mine - Health impacts on the Jeffrey Mine workers and the entire community Effects of industrialization - and public health inquiry Political battle overal political change - Image of industy suffered Fear that pushing for better environmental healthy would cause the industry to collapse Lack of success - but changed negotiations in decades that followed - becomes accepted fact of life when you are so reliant on the chrystophile asbestos mine

Answer 137

- Iroquois succeed to achieve securing hunting territories and neutralizing belligerency of new france By end of 1600s iroquois had been humbled Lost hunting lands However they also had achievements Orchestrated peace Recognition from english french and indian allies to hunting north of lake ontario - England asserts sovereignty over iroquois cuz they need free beaver hunting In exchange for fears they get britains protection Raids of french vs iroquois - force french to abandon western strongholds Frontenac tries to make peace - but iroquois are discouraged by the english to make accommodations Neither side had sufficient strength to pursue policies unnoposed - Five nations seeks peace in 1700 -They admit to Nafan that french encroached on their lands and built a fort - thinking they would get rid of the french 1701decree - defines territory in 1701 deed From nrothwest lake ontario and humber river mouth They are expected to have free hunting on these grands - protected by enland French held many iroquois under conversion pretense English fail to provide aid - 1701 - Outcomes - they had succeeded in achieving what they desired Had both trade links to albany and allied with french indian allies Could draw people from new france into their communities Concluded in peace from war

Answer 138

- Beaver shortage in territories of western indians - Beavers = trade - their resources are depleted Calliere gets them to come to terms with presence of fort detroit - which provided trade goods and arms and regulate french native allies hunting - Now iroquous and new france indian allies hunted together - Recognized iroquois claim to land where they had a fort

Answer 139

- Extensive system of indian slavery that tranformed indians into commodities of french settlements Performed duties as farmers, dock loaders, millers, and semi skilled hands in urban trades Half of all colonists in france owned a slave 1725 - Colonial exchanges - maintain peace - so in 1709 they legalize indian slavery for protection of investments Violence and dishonor associated with capture - showcases victims powerlessness before a superior enemy Decide whether to kill captive or slowly kill him - French men merely saw captives as slaves Wanted execution rather than captives - Louis XIV rejects viability of indian slavery - authorizing only african slave use Legalizing status of indian slaves frances civil officials wanted indian slavery to be like in french caribbean Slave trade rewarded brutality with valuable goods - it encouraged colony’s allies to choose warfare over peace Captives became viewed as commodities rather than symbols of alliance or spritiutal renewal

Answer 140

To replace a dead relative, facilitate poulation growth, alliances through trade Usually men and children were adopted more then men Target male warriors for revenge killings High mortality rates meant more woman to restore lost population Children pick up on new customs easier Iroquian and algonquian people adot captives to requicken or replace village members Gift of captive had potential to bring enemies together by reviving dead and establishing alliance through gifts to cover their graves Replace labor and social role of the dead - can convince third parties in favour of them The sioux offered captives to the french as signs of friendship French would have to facilitate exchange of captives as uninvolved thor party to replace the iroquois dead and maintain peace (Louis-hector-calliere as spokesperson)

Answer 141

- Pierre francois xavier - jesuit historian and geographer - Sailing to new france - Take boat to quebec - Heavy reliance on diaries and memoirs - Lake and riverine traffic was the choice of navigation in fench colonies until 1763 - Canadian route - between france and colonies of ile royale and canada - second - antillean route to the french west indies - resents navigational challenges to extend royal authority Kingdom had poor access to the atlantic ocean French ports had no distinct advantage over the ports of the british isles or holland Route to canada requires two stages Crossing the gulf of st lawrence was extremely difficult Winfs, rain, rocks, provide obstacles Required consistent funding, experience, and coordination Started manuscript charts to navigate the waters Quebecs harbour and Ile Orleans was a safe anchorage and the most precious colonial possession by the state in each colony. - The antilles route Comprised slave ships from west and central africa Unlike quebec - iles du vent harbours remained open all year Could sail all year to saint pierre and fort royal as well The antilles was easier to navigate and was regulated more, whereas intercolonial route was not controlled by any state

Answer 142

French roads and river routes improve because of necessity for communication In canada riverine network was based on montreal Canoes were very useful for this 1740s - building and improving bridges around island of montreal Variety of transport was used Carriages, canoes, horses, and on foot Able to send luggage on riverboats Great-lake-illinois country was safe for travel and cross by french troops Skilled slaves had more freedom There was an elite group fo slaves within slave community who were sailors State found control by sending troops, personnel, credit and money, and supplies, required that it expand its grasp of the colony’s geography and enlist, or even co-opt colonial leaders and elites, skills and very often colonial initiatives in order to do so.

Answer 143

Acadians ancestors were taken from settlements and deported far away Before they occupied the best agricultural lands in the region Now thye have lower standards of living than english speaking maritimers Notion of struggle from past against anglophones from french canadians 1759 siege of quebec - puts spotlight on colony but does not bring glory gor canadian and french arms Defeat at plains of abraham Believe massacre of french canadians at lachine by iroquois was encouraged by the english of new york Centrists, and overexaggeration depictions of the war English believe french were unsuited to self govern Resistance to anglo saxons does not allow them to progress Lionel groulx views french who fight as indigenous do to be heroes But not savages loool Historian nationalist want to sympathize with either britain or france

Answer 144

1785 - foundation of the beaver club Restricted to men who had experienced north american interior Declined with erger between north west company and hudson bay company Continued till 1824 Glorified for masculinity Allowed them to establish business connections, share and construct common culture and values - Montreal depends on fur trade for economic survival until 1821 Financial heart for a large part of the fur trade Montreals middle class benefited most from growth of economy Became governing class of the colony Clubs began to play significant social and cultural roles in the transition from the pre-industrial order to modernizing industrial society Fraternization among men in the clubs became formalized Ties with freesmasonary aided fur traders in business and politics Rival fur trade company members were not welcome Instrumental to developing gender and class identities of its members Brought bourgeois men together in an insulated setting and promoted representations of an idealized masculinity Wanted to separate themselves from lower class Marginalization of women in public sphere - exclusion from meetings and fraternal associations Could partake in smoking, swearing, gambling, and drinking Could romanticize life of the interior as well

Answer 145

Argues that racial prejudice in colonial canada only emerged after an assimilatioist approach failed Original wanted to mix - then francisation policy Worried about european blood being dilluted and dissapearing Caused emergence of race problem Not racist? Colonization was first entrusted to huge nots or foreigners in france= and turned into economic enterprise Serious settlement effort along st lawrence river after 1632 - christianization of natives becomes genuine concern Policy of grandeur demands french expansion through colonization = not to compromise kingdoms claim of dominance in europe Canadas population has to e generated by settlers and natives Therefor indigenous must be involved Asked to participate in colonial growth as agents of demographic reproduction To dominate indigeneous did not see it necessary to resort to force to save money and though gentle approach would bring submission Civility process - what constitutes french? Encouraged to settle famr land and grow wheat to raise animals = submit to french law and language customs Had to be christianized Baptism Christianization revokes titles over land Then were mixed with settlers Girls sent to convents to be christianized educated and married off Woman not encouraged to marry Father was responsible of chils soul and to educate his sun - present in catholic church Intermarriage strenghtens alliances 1686 - policy criticized endowment of native girls Shouldnt beonly way to colonize Jesuits turn back on interethnic living in 1630s French presence was small Aside from iroquois natives usually advocated forintermarraige Could secure european trade Now decide they need to dominate them politically, militarily, and technologically Debate of misgenation reaches peak when detroit colony is founded - francisation was only way to civilize and odminate Could marry to woman who had assimilated Then only saw woman as sexual object s Children join clans instead French setters grow more pessimistic Marriage i sless encouraged Vaudreil condemns it Growing opposition towards marriage Development of ideas about race in the metropolis? Racism increases because of participation in transatlantic slave trade and codependency on colonial products Claiming inferiority allows them to legitimize slave society - cotnrary to french notions of freedom - racial ideologies emerge not in early new france or 18th century byt later Born out of governments political failure to create a uniform colonial society that would include natives and settlers Farming settlements like detroit did not create the need for intermarriage

Answer 146

Aristotle saw democracy as only working in th majorit’s interest and ruling by decree to extinguish minority rights Offered flawed political organization and obstructed the virtuous life necessary for human happiness Negative understanding of democracy in 19th century Companies insurrectionist movements Transition to responsible government during 1840s and 1850s polarized democratic debates further To avoid - start limiting popular participation via restricting electoral privileges Rejecting or suspending extensions to electoral franchise Formal political power remains concentrated among the colonies of propertied classes Saw parliament receiving all interests crown, lords, and common could all govern together Some pursue responsible goverent - peoples elected representative or republican which placed sovereignty into peoples hands This responsible government alters balance of power in british north america - rule of many supplants few selected by governors Push for manhood suffrage regardless of economic background in north america Voting disenfranchised roman catholics the way it was Women stau disenfranchised - saw unable to choose legislators properly Target indigenous as well White manhood suffrage = moderate reformers want to maintain restrictions to avoid mobocracy Reformers and conservatives support change to manhood voting suffrage Howe invokes tax roll to nova scotia men must own 150$ worth of real estate - stance against free vote Saw colonial oligarchoes as flawed as majority rule 1849 - most unjust legislation is passed - rebellion losses bill compensated anyone who lost property in uprising influcding those who fight against the state Montreal marked building and parliament set on fire Elected principle goes through -- worried about both representing same things So create two candidates from separate parties Saw universal sufrgae as to far still Difference between lower and upper chamber Men can ote for lower house, and property inhabitants can vote for upper chamber Elective principle failed right away No talented upper candidates Conservatives start to promote confederation Province of canada and new brunswick retain property based franchises - first parliament of canada in 1867 - most held positions as property owners July 1885 john a macdonald declares passage of electoral franchise act - as greatest triumph of life Represented culmination of attempts to crucial democracy Put all supreme power in hands of the central government Through restrictive property requirements Can limit majority and protest interests of accumulated wealth

Answer 147

Aristotle saw democracy as only working in th majorit’s interest and ruling by decree to extinguish minority rights Offered flawed political organization and obstructed the virtuous life necessary for human happiness Negative understanding of democracy in 19th century Companies insurrectionist movements Transition to responsible government during 1840s and 1850s polarized democratic debates further To avoid - start limiting popular participation via restricting electoral privileges Rejecting or suspending extensions to electoral franchise Formal political power remains concentrated among the colonies of propertied classes Saw parliament receiving all interests crown, lords, and common could all govern together Some pursue responsible goverent - peoples elected representative or republican which placed sovereignty into peoples hands This responsible government alters balance of power in british north america - rule of many supplants few selected by governors Push for manhood suffrage regardless of economic background in north america Voting disenfranchised roman catholics the way it was Women stau disenfranchised - saw unable to choose legislators properly Target indigenous as well White manhood suffrage = moderate reformers want to maintain restrictions to avoid mobocracy Reformers and conservatives support change to manhood voting suffrage Howe invokes tax roll to nova scotia men must own 150$ worth of real estate - stance against free vote Saw colonial oligarchoes as flawed as majority rule 1849 - most unjust legislation is passed - rebellion losses bill compensated anyone who lost property in uprising influcding those who fight against the state Montreal marked building and parliament set on fire Elected principle goes through -- worried about both representing same things So create two candidates from separate parties Saw universal sufrgae as to far still Difference between lower and upper chamber Men can ote for lower house, and property inhabitants can vote for upper chamber Elective principle failed right away No talented upper candidates Conservatives start to promote confederation Province of canada and new brunswick retain property based franchises - first parliament of canada in 1867 - most held positions as property owners July 1885 john a macdonald declares passage of electoral franchise act - as greatest triumph of life Represented culmination of attempts to crucial democracy Put all supreme power in hands of the central government Through restrictive property requirements Can limit majority and protest interests of accumulated wealth

Answer 148

Expanding housing market - working class suffer from shoratges because of housing market inequalities, labor market conditions, rapid population growth. Investment in working class areas based on social geography - overcrowding Through the usage of the banning of pigs, bradbury discusses how it represents the complex change from 1861-91 - as generations severely stopped the proletariat access to methods of supplementing wages Montreal has turned into capital of industrialism and capitalism Industry causes more labour, and jobs to flow in - lots of unskilled labourers - peoples were usually looking for mor ework than available Families rely on wages for survival - to retain control woman - necessary for survival To make city safer and cleaner - start removing animals - disporportiantely target the working class Leads to vegetable consumption markets being monitored Children become source of economic security City regulation, surveillance, and urban rgwoth Wealthy had sufficient space for gardens and cows

Answer 149

Montreal is not reliant on foreign exports anymore yayyy - optimism - inflated praise Establish financial relations with new york and regional sectors Corn laws - extra stimulus for merchants seeking extra profit Modernization growth of urban population - regional and national markets Foreign local investment into railways leads to montreals industrial expansion Montreals new proletariat - as industry creates more wage labor force - immigrants take up a lot. French canadian rural and Irish and Biritsh Change position in international economy Rapid growth and expansion - rise of capitalist property market New demands for social support - Expanding housing market - working class suffer from shoratges because of housing market inequalities, labor market conditions, rapid population growth. Investment in working class areas based on social geography - overcrowding

Answer 150

(liberal party) He led the opposition to conscription during World War I and argued that Canada's interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies. Bourassa was an ideological father of French-Canadian nationalism

Answer 151

- (conservative) - won in 1917 - decided in 1917 to conscript young men for overseas military service. Voluntary recruitment was failing to maintain troop numbers, and Prime - Minister Sir Robert Borden believed in the military value, and potential post-war influence, of a strong Canadian contribution to the war. - he created the Canadian Expeditionary Force. He also became significantly interventionist by passing the War Measures Act which gave the government extraordinary powers.

Answer 152

- (1960s liberal - premier of quebec) - major and most successful changes made by the Lesage government was the secularization of Quebec from the Catholic Church. Education reform was one of the most prominent examples of this secularization.

Answer 153

By the Treaty of Utrecht, France ceded most of Acadia to the Kingdom of Great Britain as well as its claims on Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay. - All French forts in the northwest―the region covered by all the rivers that flowed onto the Hudson's Bay―were surrendered to the British. - France agreed to pay the British fur company in North America, the Hudson's Bay Company, for losses they suffered during the war.

Answer 154

- Explored in 1609 by Samuel de Champlain and named in 1642 in honour of the Cardinal de Richelieu, chief minister of the French king Louis XIII, the river served repeatedly as an attack route between the warring French and English colonists. - It was used later as a logging route and commercial fishing stream. The river is still a transportation link; a canal between Saint-Jean and Chambly and a lock at Saint-Ours, built in the mid-19th century, enable shallow-draft vessels and barges to navigate between Montreal and New York City via the St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, Lake Champlain, and the Hudson River.