HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Flashcards
● Student of Galton
● Extended Galton’s early with statistical regression
● Developed the product moment correlation technique
Karl Pearson
● First to use the term “mental test”
● U.S. dissertation on reaction time based upon Galton’s work.
● He was a founding member of the American Psychological
Association and that’s Organization 4th President
● He became a professor and chair of the psychology
department at Columbia University.
● He founded number of publications such as the Psychological
review, Science,and American Men of Science
James Catell
● As early 1895, Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911) and his
colleague published several articles they
argued for the measurement of abilities such as memory and social comprehension.
● Binet and collaborator Theodore Simon published 1
30-item “measuring scale of intelligence” .
● Binet test subsequently go through many revisions and
translation… in the process they launched both the
Intelligence testing movement and the clinical testing
movement.
Victor Henri
● A clinical psychologist at Bellevue in New York City.
● His the one who introduced a test designed to measure adult
intelligence.
● “Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to
act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his
environment (Wechsler, 1944, p. 3).”
● Originally christened the Weschler - Bellevue Intelligence Scale, the
test subsequently revised and renamed to Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
● Developed several assessments, including two widely-used
intelligence scales:
○ Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC, 1949;
WISC-IV®, 2003)
○ Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS, 1955; WAIS-III®,
1997)
● Established the use of the deviation IQ, or “DQ” (1939)
David Wechsler
Only 8 years after the publications of Binet scale, the field of Psychology was being
criticized for being too test oriented.
● By the late 1930s, approximately 4,000 different psychological tests were in print., and
“clinical psychology” was synonyms with “mental testing”.
The measurement of personality
● Researchers at universities throughout the world us the tools of assessment to help
advance knowledge and understanding of human and animals behavior.
● Today, society relies on the tools of psychological assessment to help answer
important questions.
● Whether in academic or applied settings, assessment professionals recognize the need
for cultural sensitivity in the development and use of the tools of psychological
assessment.
The Academic and Applied traditions
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT: Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
Language, the means by which information is communicated, is a
key sometimes to overlooked variable in the assessment process
- The examiner and the examinee speak the same language.
Verbal Communication
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT: Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
the criteria by which
something is being compared.
Standard of Evaluation
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT: Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
Standard of Evaluation
typically associated with the dominant culture such as USA and Great
Britain / traits such as self reliance, autonomy , independence, uniqueness and
competitiveness.
Individual Culture
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT: Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
Standard of Evaluation
typically associated with the dominant culture in many countries
throughout Asia, Latin America and Africa) traits such as conformity, cooperation,
interdependence, and striving towards group goals
Collectivist culture
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT: Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
● Evaluative measures administered in vocational, educational, counseling, and other settings
● In _________, test users are sensitive to legal and ethical mandates concerning
the use of tests with regard to hiring, firing and related decision making.
Tests and Group Membership
- vocational assessment
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT: Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
● _____ introduce test in France and the public health service began using such tests to
measure intelligence of people seeking immigrate to the United Nations.
● ______ (1913) used interpreters in test administration, employed a bilingual
psychologist and administered mental tests to selected immigrants who appeared to
have intellectual disability to trained observer.
Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues
Binet
Henry Goddard
Legal and Ethical Considerations
are rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole-
or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.
- Some of it are and have been relatively uncontroversial.
Law
Legal and Ethical Considerations
a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.
Ethics
Legal and Ethical Considerations
is recognized and accepted by members of a
profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that
profession.
Code of Professional Ethics
Legal and Ethical Considerations
as the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.
Standard Care
Legal and Ethical Considerations
Members of the public and members of the
profession have not always been on “__________” with the respect to issues of ethics and
law. Let’s review how and why this has been the case.
the same side of the fence
● The assessment enterprise has never been well understood by the public, and even
today we might hear criticisms based on a misunderstanding of testing.
● Possible consequences of public misunderstanding include fear, anger, legislation,
litigation, and administrative regulations.
● Concerns about the use of psychological tests first became widespread in the aftermath
of World War I, when various professionals ( as well as non professional) sought to
adapt group tests to developed by the military for civilian use in schools and industry.
The ff are the _____ of the public
concerns
