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Psychiatry 1st LE > History of psychiatry (trans 1) > Flashcards

History of psychiatry (trans 1) Flashcards

1
Q

A medical specialty devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders, among which are affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities.

A

Psychiatry

  • *Psychiatry requires four years of medical school
  • *Psychiatrists can diagnose other medical illnesses and can prescribe medications
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2
Q

Timeline of Psychiatry

A

Early Demonology => Somatogenesis => The Dark Ages and Demonology => Asylum Development => Contemporary Thought

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3
Q

REMEMBER

“Ancient world” 2000 B.C. - 410 A.D.

A

Origin of suffering is still located outside the person, i.e. demons and devils who possessed the individual to act in destructive ways

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4
Q

Ancient procedure where a hole is bore in the skull of a person, where evil or demonic spirits can escape

A

Trepanation (2000 B.C.)

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5
Q

Where earliest recorded psychiatric disorders were discovered

A

Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C.)

  • *Described illnesses which sound like depression, dementia, and schizophrenia
  • *Start of somatogenesis (blaming of body parts)
  • *The heart was the seat of these emotions; depression, psychosis comes from black or bad heart
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6
Q

According to Hippocrates (460 B.C.) temperaments depended on 4 humors of the body:

A
  1. Black bile: melancholic
  2. Yellow bile: cholinergic
  3. Phlegm: Phlegmatic (sipunin)
  4. Blood: Sanguine
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7
Q

Black bile: melancholic

A
  1. moody
  2. anxious
  3. pessimistic
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8
Q

Yellow bile: Cholinergic

A
  1. touchy
  2. restless
  3. optimistic
  4. impulsive
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9
Q

Phlegm: Phlegmatic

A
  1. passive
  2. controlled
  3. careful
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10
Q

Blood: Sanguine

A
  1. sociable
  2. outgoing
  3. talkative
  4. carefree
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11
Q

Where a woman has an uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear
e.g. Fainting, excessive crying, hyperventilation, excessive laughing, shocked state, etc.

A

Hysteria

  • *Believed to arise from a wandering uterus
  • hyperventilation: uterus near the lungs
  • fainting spells: uterus near the brain
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12
Q

What are the treatments for a “wandering uterus”?

A

 Marriage and intercourse
 Lure uterus back into its place by using scents; inhale foul smells to send uterus back, or place fragrant scents into the vagina to lure uterus back

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13
Q

In 200 A.D galen refined hypocratic theory
- depression caused by accumulation of black bile
Treatment: bloodletting, purging, diets, exercise, and intentional contraction of quaternary fever (malaria)

A

In 400 A.D. “fall of the roman empire”

  • Decline of scientific knowledge regarding mental illness
  • Europe returned to demonological explanations for mental health
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14
Q

“Full moon can drive people crazy”

A

Lunacy (410 A.D.)

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15
Q

REMEMBER

“middle ages” (705 A.D.)

A

705 A.D.
- First psychiatric hospitals were found
- Muslim physicians were the first to establish the first hospital in Baghdad
1247 A.D.
- Bethlehem Hospital later known as Bedlam Hospital is the oldest psychiatric hospital in Europe, now it’s only seen and used in horror movies

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16
Q

REMEMBER

“Renaissance period” (1500-1950)

A

1500 A.D.
- Malleus Maleficarum: published manual of how to torture someone into confessing that she is a witch
- Philippus Aureolus Theoprastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus): Believed that mental illness had a natural cause (insane people be burned at stakes)
- King Henry VIII: Founded the Royal College of Physicians to protect the public from unregulated and unqualified quacks
1650-1950
- The Asylum Era
- More and more theorists believed that mental illness is somehow related to disorders found in the brain
- Punishment is still the key to recovery

17
Q

19TH CENTURY

  • Mental illness is a result of pooling of blood in the brain thus the invention of several interventions of relieving blood pooling in the brain
  • No real treatments were available and numbers of incurable patients began to increase
A

Psychiatric Treatments

  1. Whirling Chair – patients were placed in a chair and made them spin very, very fast until blood oozed out of their lips and nose
  2. Tranquilizer Chair (1760) – invented by Benjamin Rush. Used to treat aggression by decreasing blood from congesting in the head by lesser movement and stimulus.
  3. Hydrotherapy – hyperactive patients are soaked in cold water for long periods of time to calm them down. Sometimes, they are soaked in alternating hot and cold water.
18
Q

True or false
in the renaissance period physicians believed that constipation exacerbates insanity. There was an extensive use of emetics and purgatives

A

false

**19th century not renaissance period

19
Q

Improve living conditions of patients in asylums and introduced humane ways of managing patients

A

Philippe Pinel (1792)

20
Q

Coined the term “Psychiatry”

A

Johann Christian Reil (1808)

  • *“Psyche” – soul
  • *“Iatros” – physician
21
Q

He proposed that medical students should receive 3 awards upon graduation
o Doctor of Surgery
o Doctor of Pharmacology
o Doctor of Psychiatry

A

Johann Christian Reil (1808)

22
Q

Originally known as Assoc. of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane

A

Known today as the American Psychiatric Association

23
Q

Laid foundations of modern classifications of psychiatric syndromes by making the distinction between psychosis and mania and paranoid psychosis

A 
Emil Kraeplin (1896)
**Coined “Dementia praecox” or today known as schizophrenia
24
Q

Year of discovery of various medications for mental illness

A

1930’s onwards

25
Q

The patient is given a high amount of insulin to make the blood sugar go down to induce seizures

A

Insulin-coma therapy (Sakel, 1930’s)

26
Q

A neurosurgical procedure involving the incision into the prefrontal lobe

A 
Prefrontal lobotomy (Moniz, 1935)
**Used to decrease hallucination, delusions however they are like living dead, or vegetable
27
Q

True or false

Around 20% of the world’s children and adolescents have mental disorders or problems

A

True

  • *1/2 of mental disorders begin before the age of 14
  • *Neuropsychiatric disorders are among the leading causes of worldwide disability in young people
28
Q

REMEMBER

Mental and substance use disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide

A

**About 23% of all years lost because of disability is caused by mental and substance use disorders

29
Q

True or false

About 100,000 people commit suicide every year

A

false

  • *About 800,000 people commit suicide every year
  • *95% of all persons who commit or attempt suicide have a diagnosed mental disorder

Psychiatry 1st LE (4 decks)

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