History of psychiatry (trans 1) Flashcards
A medical specialty devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders, among which are affective, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual abnormalities.
Psychiatry
- *Psychiatry requires four years of medical school
- *Psychiatrists can diagnose other medical illnesses and can prescribe medications
Timeline of Psychiatry
Early Demonology => Somatogenesis => The Dark Ages and Demonology => Asylum Development => Contemporary Thought
REMEMBER
“Ancient world” 2000 B.C. - 410 A.D.
Origin of suffering is still located outside the person, i.e. demons and devils who possessed the individual to act in destructive ways
Ancient procedure where a hole is bore in the skull of a person, where evil or demonic spirits can escape
Trepanation (2000 B.C.)
Where earliest recorded psychiatric disorders were discovered
Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C.)
- *Described illnesses which sound like depression, dementia, and schizophrenia
- *Start of somatogenesis (blaming of body parts)
- *The heart was the seat of these emotions; depression, psychosis comes from black or bad heart
According to Hippocrates (460 B.C.) temperaments depended on 4 humors of the body:
- Black bile: melancholic
- Yellow bile: cholinergic
- Phlegm: Phlegmatic (sipunin)
- Blood: Sanguine
Black bile: melancholic
- moody
- anxious
- pessimistic
Yellow bile: Cholinergic
- touchy
- restless
- optimistic
- impulsive
Phlegm: Phlegmatic
- passive
- controlled
- careful
Blood: Sanguine
- sociable
- outgoing
- talkative
- carefree
Where a woman has an uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear
e.g. Fainting, excessive crying, hyperventilation, excessive laughing, shocked state, etc.
Hysteria
- *Believed to arise from a wandering uterus
- hyperventilation: uterus near the lungs
- fainting spells: uterus near the brain
What are the treatments for a “wandering uterus”?
Marriage and intercourse
Lure uterus back into its place by using scents; inhale foul smells to send uterus back, or place fragrant scents into the vagina to lure uterus back
In 200 A.D galen refined hypocratic theory
- depression caused by accumulation of black bile
Treatment: bloodletting, purging, diets, exercise, and intentional contraction of quaternary fever (malaria)
In 400 A.D. “fall of the roman empire”
- Decline of scientific knowledge regarding mental illness
- Europe returned to demonological explanations for mental health
“Full moon can drive people crazy”
Lunacy (410 A.D.)
REMEMBER
“middle ages” (705 A.D.)
705 A.D.
- First psychiatric hospitals were found
- Muslim physicians were the first to establish the first hospital in Baghdad
1247 A.D.
- Bethlehem Hospital later known as Bedlam Hospital is the oldest psychiatric hospital in Europe, now it’s only seen and used in horror movies
REMEMBER
“Renaissance period” (1500-1950)
1500 A.D.
- Malleus Maleficarum: published manual of how to torture someone into confessing that she is a witch
- Philippus Aureolus Theoprastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus): Believed that mental illness had a natural cause (insane people be burned at stakes)
- King Henry VIII: Founded the Royal College of Physicians to protect the public from unregulated and unqualified quacks
1650-1950
- The Asylum Era
- More and more theorists believed that mental illness is somehow related to disorders found in the brain
- Punishment is still the key to recovery
19TH CENTURY
- Mental illness is a result of pooling of blood in the brain thus the invention of several interventions of relieving blood pooling in the brain
- No real treatments were available and numbers of incurable patients began to increase
Psychiatric Treatments
- Whirling Chair – patients were placed in a chair and made them spin very, very fast until blood oozed out of their lips and nose
- Tranquilizer Chair (1760) – invented by Benjamin Rush. Used to treat aggression by decreasing blood from congesting in the head by lesser movement and stimulus.
- Hydrotherapy – hyperactive patients are soaked in cold water for long periods of time to calm them down. Sometimes, they are soaked in alternating hot and cold water.
True or false
in the renaissance period physicians believed that constipation exacerbates insanity. There was an extensive use of emetics and purgatives
false
**19th century not renaissance period
Improve living conditions of patients in asylums and introduced humane ways of managing patients
Philippe Pinel (1792)
Coined the term “Psychiatry”
Johann Christian Reil (1808)
- *“Psyche” – soul
- *“Iatros” – physician
He proposed that medical students should receive 3 awards upon graduation
o Doctor of Surgery
o Doctor of Pharmacology
o Doctor of Psychiatry
Johann Christian Reil (1808)
Originally known as Assoc. of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane
Known today as the American Psychiatric Association
Laid foundations of modern classifications of psychiatric syndromes by making the distinction between psychosis and mania and paranoid psychosis
Emil Kraeplin (1896) **Coined “Dementia praecox” or today known as schizophrenia
Year of discovery of various medications for mental illness
1930’s onwards
The patient is given a high amount of insulin to make the blood sugar go down to induce seizures
Insulin-coma therapy (Sakel, 1930’s)
A neurosurgical procedure involving the incision into the prefrontal lobe
Prefrontal lobotomy (Moniz, 1935) **Used to decrease hallucination, delusions however they are like living dead, or vegetable
True or false
Around 20% of the world’s children and adolescents have mental disorders or problems
True
- *1/2 of mental disorders begin before the age of 14
- *Neuropsychiatric disorders are among the leading causes of worldwide disability in young people
REMEMBER
Mental and substance use disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide
**About 23% of all years lost because of disability is caused by mental and substance use disorders
True or false
About 100,000 people commit suicide every year
false
- *About 800,000 people commit suicide every year
- *95% of all persons who commit or attempt suicide have a diagnosed mental disorder
