History Of Psych Testing Flashcards by Steph. Trujillo

Psychometrics

Concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of:

Knowledge
Abilities
Attitudes
Personality Traits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Factor Analysis

Exploratory

Confirmatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Historical Context: Chinese

2200 BCE

Used essay exams for Civil Service employees

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Historical Context:

Plato

(428-327 BCE) noted:

Greeks assessed intellectual and physical ability of men when screening for state service

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Historical Context: Esquirol

(1830’s)
Used Language Ability to identify Intelligence

Continuum: “idiocy” to low grade “normals”

Forerunner of verbal intelligence testing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Historical Context: Seguin

(1800’s)

Postulated that the Prognosis of Intellectual Deficits in Children was Worse if Deficits We’re Associated with Physiological Problems

Developed Foam Board

Forerunner of Performance Intelligence testing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Darwin

(Mid 1800’s)
Theory of Evolution: Scientific Method

Set tone for others who followed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Galton

(Mid to late 1800’s & Darwin’s cousin)

English biologist studied relationship of sensory motor activities to Intelligence

Instrumental in developing correlation coefficient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wundt

(1879)

Founded 1st Psycholgical Lab

Studied reaction time by looking at sensitivity to visual, auditory and other sensory stimuli and reaction time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

History of Psychometrics

Psychophysics

Juncture between physics and psychology involving the linkages between the physical properties of stimuli and how they are perceived by humans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

History of Psychometrics

Stanley S. Stevens

Credited with classifying scales of measurement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

History of Psychometrics

Louis L. Thurstone

developed the mathematical foundations for factor analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

History of Psychometrics

Other who made significant contributions to psychometrics

Charles Spearman

Karl Pearson

Georg Rasch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

History of Psychometrics

Understanding uniqueness of humans

James Cattell

(Late 1800’s)

Psychologist

Phrased term “mental test”

Used statistical concepts to understand differences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

History of Psychometrics

Understanding uniqueness of humans

G. S. Hall

(Late 1800’s)

Experimental lab at Johns Hopkins

Mentor to Many

First president of APA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Three Areas:

Individual Intelligence Testing

Neuropsychological Assessment

Group Tests of Ability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Individual Intelligence Testing

Binet

(1890’s)

Hired by French Ministry of Public Education to integrate “sub-normal” children into the schools

Developed first modern-day Intelligence Test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Individual Intelligence Testing

Terman (at Stanford)

Revised Binet scale—Stanford-Binet

I.Q. = MA/CA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Neurological Assessment

Head injuries: 5K-yr-old Egyptian medical documents

WWI: Increased interest in brain injuries

20th century: development of brain imaging techniques

Today: suspected changes in brain function yields neuropsychological assessment

Group Testing

WWI: Army Alpha and Army Beta

Developed by Yerkes, Terman, and others to place recruits in the military

Group Testing

Eugenics & the Testing Mvmnt

Army Alpha was used to provide support for the Eugenics Mvmnt

Belief in Selective Breeding to Improve the Human Race

Group Testing

Edward Thorndike

1923

Stanford Achievement Test

Group Testing

Frank Parsons

(Early 1900’s)

Leader in Vocational Counseling

Multiple Aptitude Tests (Group Tests of Ability Focused on Job Attainment)

Emergence of Personality Tests

Tests in the Affective Realm

Interest Inventories and Vocational Assessment

Objective Personality Assessment

Projective Testing

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Interest Inventories and Vocational Assessment

(Early 1900’s) Thorndike and Miner: Early Assessors of Interests

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Strong

(1927) Strong Vocational Interest Blank

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Objective Personality Assessment Kraeplin

(1892) Word association test to study schizophrenia

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Objective Personality Assessment Wood worth’s Personal Data Sheet

WWI Commonly credited as the first personality test Crude test to access for neuroses and pathology Forerunner to the MMPI

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Objective Personality Assessment Projective Testing Carl Jung’s Word Association Tests

1904 156 Stimulus words to which individuals would respond—-to detect “complexes”

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Objective Personality Assessment Projective Testing Herman Rorschach

(Early 1900’s) Ink blot Test

Emergence of Personality Tests (Tests in the Affective Realm Objective Personality Assessment Projective Testing Henry Murray’s Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

View a number of standard pictures and create a story that explains the situation

Emergence of Informal Assessment Procedures 20th Century

Situational Tests: “contrived naturalistic situations” Clinical Interview DSM-5 (DSM-1 developed in 1952) Observation Rating Scales Classification Techniques Records and Personal Documents Environmental Assessment Performance-based Assessment

Ability Assessment Graph

See Class 1, Slide 27

Graph of Personality Assessment

See Class 1, Slide 28

Graph of Informal Assessment

See Class 1, Slide 29

Questions to consider when assessing clients: How valid is the information gained from assessment instruments and how should that information be applied?

TBD

Questions to consider when assessing clients: How do assessment instruments invade an individual’s privacy and does the government have, at times, the right to insist an individual be assessed?

TBD

Questions to consider when assessing clients: Can the use of assessment instruments, in some cases, lead to labeling and what are the implications for the individuals who are “labeled?”

TBD

Questions to consider when assessing clients: Are assessment procedures used to foster equality for ALL people, or do they tend to create a society based on class?

TBD

Validity of a Test

The extent to which it measures what it claims to measure

Three types of Validity Evidence

Content Valididty Criterion-Referenced Construct Valididty

Content Valididty

Is determined by the degree to which the questions, tasks, or items on a test are representative of the universe of behavior the test was designed to sample. If the sample (specific items on the test) is representative of the population (all possible items), then the test possesses content validity.

Criterion-related validity

Is demonstrated when a test is shown to be effective in estimating an examinee’s performance on some outcome measure. The variable of primary interest is the outcome measure called CRITERION

Two different approaches to validity evidence are subsumed inter the heading of criterion-related validity

Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity

Concurrent Validity

The criterion measures are obtained at at approximately the same time as the test scores

Predictive Validity

The criterion measures are obtained in the future