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Psychometrics > History Of Psych Testing > Flashcards

History Of Psych Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Psychometrics

A

Concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of:

Knowledge
Abilities
Attitudes
Personality Traits

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2
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Exploratory

Confirmatory

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3
Q

Historical Context: Chinese

A

2200 BCE

Used essay exams for Civil Service employees

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4
Q

Historical Context:

Plato

A

(428-327 BCE) noted:

Greeks assessed intellectual and physical ability of men when screening for state service

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5
Q

Historical Context: Esquirol

A

(1830’s)
Used Language Ability to identify Intelligence

Continuum: “idiocy” to low grade “normals”

Forerunner of verbal intelligence testing

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6
Q

Historical Context: Seguin

A

(1800’s)

Postulated that the Prognosis of Intellectual Deficits in Children was Worse if Deficits We’re Associated with Physiological Problems

Developed Foam Board

Forerunner of Performance Intelligence testing

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7
Q

Darwin

A

(Mid 1800’s)
Theory of Evolution: Scientific Method

Set tone for others who followed

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8
Q

Galton

A

(Mid to late 1800’s & Darwin’s cousin)

English biologist studied relationship of sensory motor activities to Intelligence

Instrumental in developing correlation coefficient

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9
Q

Wundt

A

(1879)

Founded 1st Psycholgical Lab

Studied reaction time by looking at sensitivity to visual, auditory and other sensory stimuli and reaction time

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10
Q

History of Psychometrics

Psychophysics

A

Juncture between physics and psychology involving the linkages between the physical properties of stimuli and how they are perceived by humans

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11
Q

History of Psychometrics

Stanley S. Stevens

A

Credited with classifying scales of measurement

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12
Q

History of Psychometrics

Louis L. Thurstone

A

developed the mathematical foundations for factor analysis

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13
Q

History of Psychometrics

Other who made significant contributions to psychometrics

A

Charles Spearman

Karl Pearson

Georg Rasch

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14
Q

History of Psychometrics

Understanding uniqueness of humans

James Cattell

A

(Late 1800’s)

Psychologist

Phrased term “mental test”

Used statistical concepts to understand differences

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15
Q

History of Psychometrics

Understanding uniqueness of humans

G. S. Hall

A

(Late 1800’s)

Experimental lab at Johns Hopkins

Mentor to Many

First president of APA

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16
Q

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Three Areas:

A

Individual Intelligence Testing

Neuropsychological Assessment

Group Tests of Ability

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17
Q

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Individual Intelligence Testing

Binet

A

(1890’s)

Hired by French Ministry of Public Education to integrate “sub-normal” children into the schools

Developed first modern-day Intelligence Test

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18
Q

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Individual Intelligence Testing

Terman (at Stanford)

A

Revised Binet scale—Stanford-Binet

I.Q. = MA/CA

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19
Q

Emergence of Ability Tests
(Testing in the Cognitive Domain)

Neurological Assessment

A

Head injuries: 5K-yr-old Egyptian medical documents

WWI: Increased interest in brain injuries

20th century: development of brain imaging techniques

Today: suspected changes in brain function yields neuropsychological assessment

20
Q

Group Testing

A

Group Testing

WWI: Army Alpha and Army Beta

Developed by Yerkes, Terman, and others to place recruits in the military

21
Q

Group Testing

Eugenics & the Testing Mvmnt

A

Army Alpha was used to provide support for the Eugenics Mvmnt

Belief in Selective Breeding to Improve the Human Race

22
Q

Group Testing

Edward Thorndike

A

1923

Stanford Achievement Test

23
Q

Group Testing

Frank Parsons

A

(Early 1900’s)

Leader in Vocational Counseling

Multiple Aptitude Tests (Group Tests of Ability Focused on Job Attainment)

24
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests

Tests in the Affective Realm

A

Interest Inventories and Vocational Assessment

Objective Personality Assessment

Projective Testing

25
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Interest Inventories and Vocational Assessment

A

(Early 1900’s)

Thorndike and Miner: Early Assessors of Interests

26
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Strong

A

(1927)

Strong Vocational Interest Blank

27
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Objective Personality Assessment

Kraeplin

A

(1892)

Word association test to study schizophrenia

28
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Objective Personality Assessment

Wood worth’s Personal Data Sheet

A

WWI

Commonly credited as the first personality test
Crude test to access for neuroses and pathology

Forerunner to the MMPI

29
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Objective Personality Assessment

Projective Testing

Carl Jung’s Word Association Tests

A

1904

156 Stimulus words to which individuals would respond—-to detect “complexes”

30
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Objective Personality Assessment

Projective Testing

Herman Rorschach

A

(Early 1900’s)

Ink blot Test

31
Q

Emergence of Personality Tests
(Tests in the Affective Realm

Objective Personality Assessment

Projective Testing

Henry Murray’s Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

View a number of standard pictures and create a story that explains the situation

32
Q

Emergence of Informal Assessment Procedures

20th Century

A

Situational Tests: “contrived naturalistic situations”

Clinical Interview

DSM-5 (DSM-1 developed in 1952)

Observation

Rating Scales

Classification Techniques

Records and Personal Documents

Environmental Assessment

Performance-based Assessment

33
Q

Ability Assessment Graph

A

See Class 1, Slide 27

34
Q

Graph of Personality Assessment

A

See Class 1, Slide 28

35
Q

Graph of Informal Assessment

A

See Class 1, Slide 29

36
Q

Questions to consider when assessing clients:

How valid is the information gained from assessment instruments and how should that information be applied?

A

TBD

37
Q

Questions to consider when assessing clients:

How do assessment instruments invade an individual’s privacy and does the government have, at times, the right to insist an individual be assessed?

A

TBD

38
Q

Questions to consider when assessing clients:

Can the use of assessment instruments, in some cases, lead to labeling and what are the implications for the individuals who are “labeled?”

A

TBD

39
Q

Questions to consider when assessing clients:

Are assessment procedures used to foster equality for ALL people, or do they tend to create a society based on class?

A

TBD

40
Q

Validity of a Test

A

The extent to which it measures what it claims to measure

41
Q

Three types of Validity Evidence

A

Content Valididty
Criterion-Referenced
Construct Valididty

42
Q

Content Valididty

A

Is determined by the degree to which the questions, tasks, or items on a test are representative of the universe of behavior the test was designed to sample.

If the sample (specific items on the test) is representative of the population (all possible items), then the test possesses content validity.

43
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

Is demonstrated when a test is shown to be effective in estimating an examinee’s performance on some outcome measure.

The variable of primary interest is the outcome measure called CRITERION

44
Q

Two different approaches to validity evidence are subsumed inter the heading of criterion-related validity

A

Concurrent Validity

Predictive Validity

45
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

The criterion measures are obtained at at approximately the same time as the test scores

46
Q

Predictive Validity

A

The criterion measures are obtained in the future

Psychometrics (5 decks)

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