History of Psych exam 1

Question 1

Hysteria

Answer 1

a disorder only a woman can have that includes psychological symptoms (ex. anxiety), physical symptoms (ex. shortness of breath), and accompanied by the desire not to have sex

Question 2

Wilhelm Fliess

Answer 2

a friend of Freud who was an ear, nose, and throat Dr who said hysteria could be cured through cauterizing the nasal passage, snorting cocaine, and performing a surgery where he shaved down the turbinate bone in the nose.

Question 3

Nasogenital Connection

Answer 3

Fliess’s theory that the uterus and nasal passage were connected (not real)

Question 4

Emma Eckstien

Answer 4

Fliess and Freud patient who got the nose surgery done, she came back because her face swelled up, there was string hanging from her nose, Fliess yanked on it and she hemorrhaged, she almost died but she didn’t, Frued convinced her not to press charges by telling her she had hysteria

Question 5

The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind

Answer 5

a study was done by two scientists where they seperated the tube that connects boths sides of the brain (corpus callosum) and found that there was almost “two consciouses” in the aftermath. Julian Jaynes takes this and says that we have two consciousness always working in our brain one was god talking to them as the voice in their head (telling them what to do), the second was their understanding of the voice in their brain that was human, but it could only understand what god had already thought in their brain

Question 6

Why The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Brain by Julian Jaynes is wrong

Answer 6

Implies ancient people were schizophrenic or didn’t have a working corpus callosum, which we know isn’t true bc every living thing has a corpus callosum

Implying people don’t have original thoughts, but that they all come from god, we just act on them

Question 7

Psamtik

Answer 7

ancient Egyptian pharaoh, he’s credited with thinking of, and performing the first psychological experiment as we define it today, but was ethically immoral

Question 8

Psamtik Experiment

Answer 8

Psamtik thought egyptians are superior and the original humans, and because of that egyptian is the innate language of all people. So, if someone is raised without speech, they would still speak egyptian. his expiriment was to take a new born baby and raise it excluded from all humans except a guard who made sure the baby stayed alive, the point was to show that Egyptian is the innate language of all humanity and that this baby should be able to speak egyptian even without being taught it. The baby’s did end up speaking, but the language was not egyptian, and they could only speak one word “Becos” meaning bread in another language

Question 9

What is Plato’s real name and how did he get the nicname ‘Plato?’

Answer 9

Aristocle

plato meaning broad shouldered or just broad a nicname from his wrestling coach

Question 10

Imperialism (Plato)

Answer 10

imperialism says that we don’t learn from experiences or anything outward, we have innate knowledge

This innate knowledge comes from a higher reality, we know what things our because we compare to the higher reality version of that thing – ex. The chair, how do you know it’s a chair, no by its features but because of the perfect chair we innately have in our head that comes from a higher reality, we compare the physical chair to the higher chair and come to the conclusion that they are the same thing

Question 11

The Academy

Answer 11

Plato came up with names for rich schools that we still use, fancy school; original location was uninterrupted for 900 years

Question 12

The Cave Story/Shadows/Savior/Martyr

Answer 12

The Cave story: imagine youre in a cave bound into immobility able only to stare straight ahead at the cave wall before you. You’ve always been there you know no other existence, far above and behind you a fire burns, between you and the light theres a road with a low wall along it. What will you see, you’ll see partial shadows, all you can see are the shados of what happens along the road, animals, singing etc you will have no way of knowing what shadow makes what sound

The real things on the road represent our understanding of the physical world around us, and that we are blind to most of it, Plato says we have to look inside our minds to have a greater understanding of the things on the road

The person who will lead us out of the shadows is a “Philosopher King”

The person who escapes the cave and comes back to free everyone but is not a philosopher king will either not be believed, becomes an outside, and is ignored, or he will be killed

Question 13

Plato and Democracy

Answer 13

While Plato created democracy, he outlined the whole thing, he does not believe in it. He forsaw many of the current problems with democracy we have today ex. Rich and stupid people becoming powerful. However, he would prefer a monarchy with a ruler who Is a “philosopher king”

Question 14

Aristotle- what did he write and what happened to it

Answer 14

He wrote about physics, math, ethics, but he also wrote about poetry and other subjects. However, the extensive collection of his work was burned down in the Library of Alexandria. His successor, Theophrastus, helped carry on his legacy, and saved as much of Aristotle’s research as possible.

Question 15

Rationalism

Answer 15

the belief in innate knowledge, we do not learn through experience (Plato)

Question 16

Empiricism

Answer 16

we learn through our enviornement (Aristotle)

Question 17

Aristotle vs Plato views of how we learn things

Answer 17

Aristotle believed that we learn primarily from our environment and our interactions with environment, which is completely different then what his mentor Plato believed (Plato believed in innate thought)

Question 18

Rational Soul

Answer 18

the only immortal soul, reserved for humans

Question 19

Vegetative Soul

Answer 19

souls of vegetables

Question 20

Animal Soul

Answer 20

souls of animals

Question 21

Alcmaeon

Answer 21

the father of greek medicine

First to dissect animals

Discovered the optic nerve

Sense Experience: where the mind obtains basis of thought

He was the first to say that sound traveled through air, and when it got sucked through the vacuum of the empty space in our ears, that’s how sound travels and why we hear sound

Question 22

Sense Experience

Answer 22

where the mind obtains basis of thought, we view the world through our senses, but that makes our perception unreliable potentially

Question 23

Empedocles

Answer 23

He thought sensations were the results of particles of stimuli on pores of sense organs

He claimed the four elements, Earth, Air, Fire and Water make up everything on the planet

Empedocles died by throwing himself off into Mount Etna in Sicilly so that people would think he was an immortal god who had vanished, however the remains of his bronze sandal were found which told the deceit

He claimed to have brought a woman back to life after 30 days of her death, thought himself a god

Question 24

Hippocrates

Answer 24

He separated the practice of medicine from religion. *

He adapted the 4-element scheme, with some changes, to medicine. *

The four humors – blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm. *

Perfect health is result of proper proportions of these things

Question 25

The Four Humors

Answer 25

blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm - perfect health is the result of proper proportions of these things- illness is the result of bad proportions of these things

Question 26

Sophists

Answer 26

wandering scholars who taught people who could afford it and perferred monism

Question 27

Socrates View of Sophists

Answer 27

Socrates disliked Sophists because he was a wandering scholar who taught anyone who wanted to be taught

Question 28

Monism

Answer 28

sophists idea that the soul and body are linked to be the same thing

Question 29

Socrates

Answer 29

We know so much about Socrates because Plato wrote a lot about him; that being said who’s to say Plato isn’t a biased narrator

Socratic Method: he introduced interacting with students as a form of learning, instead of lecturing, he asked them probing questions, let them interact with the lecture instead of just Socrates teaching them

According to Socrates, truth and knowledge are innate therefore proving an immortal soul

Question 30

Socratic Method

Answer 30

Socrates introduced interacting with students as a form of learning, instead of lecturing, he asked them probing questions, let them interact with the lecture instead of just Socrates teaching them

Question 31

Dualism

Answer 31

Socrates preached dualism- saying the soul and body are separate

Question 32

Aristotle’s belief of Animal’s ability to remember

Answer 32

Aristotle’s example of why animals lack the ability to remember has to do with dogs. When you leave your house and come back, your dog gets super excited and acts like you could have been gone for years at a time even if you had only been gone a few hours, to a few minutes, to a few days. The fact the dog gets the same amount of excited when they see again despite the amount of time passing, is why Aristotle believes animals lack the ability to remember.

Question 33

According to Aristotle, is a memory an exact duplicate of the original experience?

Answer 33

No, because recognition and recall are different things

Question 34

Recognition

Answer 34

recalling the information and calling it out, this process is slower (details of a story)

Question 35

Recall

Answer 35

rapid recognition (recalling that the story happened at all)

Question 36

Theophrastus

Answer 36

Aristotle’s successor, he preserved Aristotle’s writing when ppl were burning it down and its because of him that we have Aristotle’s works today, he is famous for writing things important to Botany. Called the “Father of Botany”

Question 37

Epicurus’s Two Principles

Answer 37

One: pleasure was the path to a blessed life

Two: the governing principles of life are pain and pleasure, if something brings pleasure we do it more often, if something brings pain we try to avoid it or not do it (this predicts the current psychological idea of reinforcement)

Question 38

Skeptic

Answer 38

It is impossible to know whether our senses are giving us an accurate picture of the world. maybe there is no objective reality, only what we imagine it to be. (Hellenistic Period)

Question 39

Stoic

Answer 39

The most important element in achieving tranquility and happiness: * Controlling the emotions. (Hellenistic Period)

Question 40

Hellenistic Period

Answer 40

the 200 years or so following Alexander’s death.
(So, around 323-146 B.C.E.)
A time of the building up of libraries, especially Alexandria.

Empirical, nonphilosophical sciences and math grew tremendously

Question 41

Augustine’s (Roman-catholic phil) idea of the relationship between the soul and the mind

Answer 41

The soul and mind are the same in life, but different in death

Immortality exists because our mind is able to conceive the afterlife without having any direct knowledge or experience with it’s existence

Question 42

Augustine, Free will, and Evil

Answer 42

Augustine says the existence of free will saves us from evil, because we can make the choice to go against evil ways

Question 43

What happened around the time of Augustine’s death that led to the Dark Ages?

Answer 43

The Fall of the Roman Empire to the Goths

Question 44

Albertus Magnus

Answer 44

he was a wealthy clergyman, part of the church. During his time the church said to not read roman phil. Bc it was an act against god. He said we must read roman phil. Because it is part of god’s tecahing. He got away with bringing roman phisolophy back into the light because he was a wealthy man.

Question 45

How did the Scholars get hold of the old Greek books, in order to read and analyze them? (consider the roles of monks and Muslim scholars)

Answer 45

Scholars got hold of phil. Books due to the cruesades when Europeans tried to take back the holy lands in the Middle East. People on both sides became friendly with eachother, and knowledge through books was passed back and forth. Monks had been copying these books for centuries.

Question 46

Who is Avicenna

Answer 46

Ibn Sina, commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was the preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age

Full name Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Allah ibn- Sina

Question 47

Who was the Philosopher that St. Thomas Aquinas constantly alluded to?

Answer 47

Aristotle

Question 48

Know a little about how Aquinas defined free will. Did he say we have it?

Answer 48

Defined free will as something we have, proved it by saying that he can define two sides of an argument, but pick one to believe. If we did not have free will we would only believe one thing, and not see anything in the gray area.

Question 49

Ultimately, why is Aquinas important to the history of psychology? In the several centuries after Aquinas, what events contributed to the era’s reputation as the new “Dark Ages”

Answer 49

He tried to answer every question people could think of

There was a volcanic eruption that changed weather patterns, in Europe it became dark and crops failed, but the Middle East was where weather thrived, leading to a boom of philosophy and abundance in those areas