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PSYCHOLOGY BCS > HISTORY OF PSYCH > Flashcards

HISTORY OF PSYCH Flashcards

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1
Q

why are theories useful in psychology

A
  • lead to development of models of behaviour that represent/describe how diff observations relate to one another.
  • allow us to try to change thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
  • hypotheses and theories withstand rigorous testing, they may become laws
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2
Q

what is the ultimate goal of psychology?

A
  • to develop theories/models of behaviour that allow us to explain and change the way we think, feel and behave.
  • do this through= systematic observations, under conditions where we manipulate the environment people experience
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3
Q

why is the distinction between subjective and objective truths important?

A
  • Appreciate individual differences (the subjective) within a framework of psychological ‘truths’ (the objective reality captured by theories, laws, models)
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4
Q

Is Aristotle’s view of what the world is made of?

A
  • everything is made up of the same combination of elements (earth, air, water, fire) should be able to transform one thing into another
    -Bring the change medium is needed
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5
Q

Who is Plato? And what did he say?

A
  • invented unis, one of the first dualistic notions
  • Plato’s Doctrine of recollection suggests certain knowledge or form are innate= first nativists conception of mind
  • made distinction between forms (truth) and particulars (preceptors) e.g. object of knowledge vs opinion
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6
Q

Who is Aristotle and what did he say?

A
  • student of plato
  • said what makes things the way they are is their ‘essence’ - can distiguish diff types of minds by essence
  • did not to draw sharp distinction between mind and body like plato
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7
Q

What did Aristotle say about memory?

A
  • our ability to retrieve things from the past (phantasms) = distinct from the actual event e.g. when you bring something to mind, it’s not the actual event but a representation of event
  • materialist/monist view
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8
Q

Who is René Descartes and what did he say?

A
  • combined both Aristotle and Plato’s ideas
  • by distinguishing the Mental and Material in terms of their properties= mind is known directly, material = known indirectly
  • argued all substances have an essences> ‘Mind’ = consciousness (‘thinking’) & Physical (material)= extension
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9
Q

What was important about the renaissance period?

A
  • Scientific beliefs were censored by catholic church at the time led to:
  • Scientific theories became more empirical and rational emphasis of deduction and induction
  • by 1637 he had intellectual crisis but was only sure of one thing- doubting led to famous therefore i think I am
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10
Q

What did the Descartes substance, dualism allow for?

A
  • substance dualism= Mind and matter are completely distinct
  • diffuse tension between religion and science
  • material of the world studied scientifically & soul and mental world was beyond the realm of science but can be deduced+ he concluded some ideas, must be innate
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11
Q

What are the problems of dualism?

A
  • if mind and physical are distinct, how do they interact?
  • How could thoughts translate into behaviour (e.g., free will)?
  • How could physical events in sensory organs turn into thoughts?
  • better explained with property dualism= they’re not completely distinct
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12
Q

Who is Gilbert Ryle?

A
  • completely rejects dualism and says it is a category mistake= logical mistakes based on the inappropriate application of distinct concepts
  • basc saying the question asked doesn’t make sense so any answer won’t either
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13
Q

what is monism?

A
  • alternative to dualism = idea that there can only be one type of substance with one type of property
  • Different forms of monism: Idealism, Behaviourism, Materialism/Physicalism
  • Idealism= entire universe is made up of ‘ideas’ – controversial
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14
Q

What is behaviourism?

A
  • What we think of as ‘mental’ is the behaviours of the body
  • logical behaviourism = connection between environment and behaviour> don’t need inferences
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15
Q

What is materialism?

A
  • everything is made up of matter - experiences must be reducible to physical events, e.g. the mind is a state reducible to the brain= they are the same
  • problem= violates Leibnitz’s Law > for two things to be identical, they have to share all properties= can’t be applied to brain & mental states
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16
Q

what is empiricism?

A
  • believes that all knowledge (‘contents of the mind’ comes from experience
  • simple experiences give to complex knowledge through passive processes e.g. contiguity, resemblance, compound associations and active processes e.g. reflection
  • Emphasis on perceptions
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17
Q

what is rationalism?

A
  • Truth can only be derived through reasoning> some knowledge must be innate
  • Emphasis on thought processes; innate knowledge
  • Immanuel Kant> Abstract ideas are possible due to innate knowledge, not perception
  • Von Leibniz> there are degrees on a spectrum of perception & consciousness
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18
Q

What is the role of Physiology in psychology?

A
  • Phrenology by Gall
  • bumps & dimples of the skull relate to personality
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19
Q

how were ‘Specific Nerve Energies’ discovered?

A
  • Bell-Magendie Law> diff info carried by diff nerve in spinal cord
  • Johannes Müller> sensory nerves respond in a characteristic way, no matter how they are stimulated
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20
Q

who is Wundt?

A
  • Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) took physiology and founded the first laboratory
    for Experimental Psychology in 1879
  • interested in human consciousness
  • introduced experimental introspection> use of labs, effect on subjective experiences, aims to be precise
  • goal= discover elements of thoughts> broken into sensations & feelings
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21
Q

Who is William James?

A
  • James did not like the idea of no free will > discovered that he could simply think that he does
  • functionalism in psychology
  • not interested in the elements of thought but in its function
  • thinks you can’t break down consciousness and it’s personal/subjective= disagree with introspection
  • believes behaviours are habits and instincts
  • the empirical self> 3 compounds & self esteem
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22
Q

what is methodological behaviourism?

A
  • explains human and animal behaviour in terms of environmental stimuli and learning histories
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23
Q

who is Watson and what did he discover?

A
  • disagreed with inner mental processes and focused only on observable facts
  • No distinction between animal/human
    behaviour
  • learning by classical conditioning
  • reflexes are units of analysis
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24
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A
  • Classical conditioning is learning through association
  • Watson & Pavlov dog experiment = Food =(UCS)/ Salivation = (UCR)> when food is repeatedly presented to dog w/ bell = salivation and association over time (CS) = conditioned response (CR)
  • led to development of Exposure therapies for phobias
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25
Q

What happens in classical conditioning when there is no association for some time?

A
  • extinction > describes the reduction in CR after several unreinforced presentations of the CS
  • but you can have Spontaneous recovery= reappearance of an extinguished CR after a prolonged absence of the CS
26
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A
  • learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour
  • Thorndike called this instrumental learning= behaviour is ‘instrumental’ in bringing about a desired outcome & proposed law of effect
  • skinner developed the rat experiment= punishment (negative reinforcement) & reward (positive) for rat when getting food (reinforced)= learned behaviour
27
Q

what are 3 components of operant conditioning?

A
  • Antecedent Condition – ‘signal’ for a response
  • Behaviour
  • Consequence
28
Q

What term have certain behviourists used to describe the idea that we are born without any innate knowledge?

A

tabula rasa

29
Q

Which of the following approaches best describes attempts to acquire knowledge from systematic observations of phenomena?

A

empiricism

30
Q

How did Philippe Aries conceptualise the nature of childhood?

A

as a social construction

31
Q

According to Piaget, at what age are children in the pre-operational stage?

A

2-7 yrs

32
Q

Which type of experimental paradigm challenged Piaget’s notion that young infants do not possess object permanence?

A

Habituation/Dishabituation paradigms

33
Q

Who carried out ‘drawbridge’ experiments that claimed to demonstrate early object concept in infants?

A

Baillargeon

34
Q

What test is commonly used to assess children’s knowledge of the thoughts and beliefs of other people?

A

The sally-Anne Experiment

35
Q

Who was among the first to argue that language plays a fundamental role in a child’s cognitive development?

A

vgotsky

36
Q

Before the introduction of modern systems for classifying mental illnesses, what were conditions called that had physical symptoms but no apparent physical causes?

A

Hysteria

37
Q

Who was quoted to have said that “the blood of maniacs is sometimes so lavishly spilled as to render it doubtful whether the patient or the physician has the best claim to the appellation madman”?

A

Phlipe Pinel

38
Q

Which form of treatment of the mentally ill did Jean-Martin Charcot experiment with at La Salpetriere when he took over as head of the hospital from Pinel?

A

Hypnosis

39
Q

which book publication did Breuer and Freud formulate a theory which claimed that emotions associated with traumatic events are among the root causes of mental illness?

A

studies on Hysteria

40
Q

Which of Freude theories distinguishes between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO?

A

The structural theory of the mind

41
Q

In Freud’s structural theory of the mind, he argues that the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO are governed by certain principles. Which principle governs the ID?

A

The pleasure principle

42
Q

What form of anxiety arises when the needs of our ID threaten to overwhelm the EGO?

A

Neurotic Anxiety

43
Q

In the terminology of operant conditioning, what term refers to the process of rewarding animals for behaviours hat progressively approximate a target behaviour the animal should learn?

A

shaping

44
Q

What theory is typically associated with the notion that ‘the whole is more than the sum of its parts’?

A

Costall Theory

45
Q

Who illustrated the distinction between objective and subjective reality using a tale about a man riding over the frozen lake of Constance?

A

Koffka

46
Q

If you wanted to know exactly how fast the brain processes certain types of information, which of the following techniques would be most suitable?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

47
Q

Patient HM had parts of his medial temporal lobes removed in order to treat epilepsy. What were the consequences of this treatment?

A

HM lost his ability to remember new things

48
Q

Which of the following major developments in history of psych did not emerge during early 20th century?

A

cognitive Revolution

49
Q

Who is considered the father of Filipino Psychology or Sikilohiyang Pilipino?

A

Virgilio Enriquez

50
Q

What marked the establishment of Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino as an indigenous psychology?

A

A conference in 1975 which formally articulated concepts in Filipino Psychology

51
Q

What is unique about the pakikipagkwentuhan method in Filipino psychology?

A

It is less formal and aims to bridge the gap between the researcher and the participant.

52
Q

What is true about the characteristics of research featured in top psychology journals according to Arnett (2008)?

A
  • Most research in psychology is conducted on young adult samples, e.g., undergraduates.
  • Most research in psychology is conducted in the US and other Western industridlized countries.
  • Most research in psychology are drawn from countries representing 12% of the world’s population.
53
Q

According to Robert et al. (2020)’s analysis of racial inequalities in psychological research, which sub-discipline had virtually non-existent emphasis on race?

A

Cognitive Psychology

54
Q

According to Kidd & Garcia (2020) and Blasi et al. (2022), which language in particular is heavily emphasized in child language and cognitive psychology research?

A

English

55
Q

Why is Psychology considered an inexact science?

A
  • Because there are no absolute truths about many psychological phenomena
  • Because psychological phenomena are often open to multiple, equally plausible, explanations
  • Because psychological phenomena are often anchored in subjective experiences
56
Q

Which of the following did not hold a dualistic notion of mind body relationship

A

Aristotle

57
Q

When did Descartes arrive at his famous conclusion that ‘I think, therefore I am’?

A

1637

58
Q

When scientists derive theories from observations of particular events, they are using a process known as…

A

Induction

59
Q

What does Leibniz’s law state?

A

That for two things to be identical they must share allof their properties

60
Q

Which law describes the fact that our sensory systems are sensitive to relative rather than absolute differences between two sensory signals

A

Webers law

61
Q

When did Wilhelm Wundt open the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology?

A

1879

PSYCHOLOGY BCS (2 decks)

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